- •Common carriers
- •Private carriers
- •4. Common law obligations of carriers. Common law exemptions from carriers liability ynder the Hague-Visby Rules. Common low obligations of carriers
- •Common law exceptions from liability
- •5. Type of loss. Example of atl and ctl
- •1) Actual total loss (atl) may occur in 4 ways:
- •2) There is a constructive total loss (ctl) in the following cases:
- •1) Фактические суммарные потери (atl) могут возникать четырьмя способами:
- •2) Существует конструктивная полная потеря (ctl) в следующих случаях:
- •6. Particular average: definition. Particular average compared to general average. Example.
- •The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a ga definition.
- •Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
- •Interested parties in ga and their relative interests in the maritime venture.
- •Documents and evidence required from a ship in case of ga.
- •Cargo related incidents— documentary evidence
- •11. Ships agent and surveyors in ga. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •12. Collisions: definition. Evidence prior to a collision and after a collision.
- •13. Sea protest. The structure of sp. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •Evidence required in a collision when a vessel is under pilotage, anchored or moored.
- •Vessel under pilotage or in congested waters
- •Vessel moored
- •Interactive Root Causes Analysis. Definition. The main purpose of irca. 5 Whys method.
- •The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
- •3 Cause levels. Their definitions and examples.
- •Direct causes
- •Root causes
- •Reporting incident and accident onboard. The key stages in the accident investigation.
- •Near miss reports
- •Frauds with documents and cargo. Four scenarios.
- •Common law obligations of carriers. Common Law exemptions from carrier’s liability.
- •The objectives of the Hague-Visby Rules. Liabilities of carrier under the Hague-Visby Rules.
- •The exemptions from the carrier’s liability under the Hague-Visby Rules: Article 4, Rule 2(a).
- •Types of loss. Examples of actual total loss and constructive total loss.
- •Particular average: definition. Particular average compared to general average. Examples.
- •The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a: ga definition.
- •Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
- •Interested parties in ga and their relative interests in the maritime venture.
- •Documents and evidence required from a ship in a case of ga.
- •Collisions: definitions. Evidence prior to a collision and after a collision.
- •Sea protest. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •Evidence required in a collision when a vessel is under pilotage, anchored or moored.
- •18.Interactive Root Cause Analysis illustrated with one of the cases.
- •The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
- •20. Reporting incidents and accidents on board. The key stages in the accident investigation.
- •4. 3 Purposes for deviation from the route of the voyage.
- •8.Ga contribution , bond and guarantee.
- •9.Ga adjuster and ga adjustment.
- •10.Ship’s agents and surveyors in ga.
Common law exceptions from liability
Due to the special nature problems during voyage, the English courts have reduced the strict liability of the common carrier to the following six common law exceptions from liability:
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Act of God. Some unforeseen and unpreventable natural event such as: lightning or earthquake.
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Act of Queen’s enemies. For example: state or people with whom the carrier is at war during the carriage of the goods.
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Inherent vice in the goods. For example: natural tendency of a commodity to deteriorate without human negligence. Loss of weight due to evaporation. Carriers will not be liable for this, but he will be liable if he aggravates any loss or damage due to inherent vice through a breach of contract.
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Negligence of the shipper. Insufficient or defective packing of goods inside containers or cases.
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Fraud of the owner or consignor of the goods. Where the shipper makes an untrue statement to the carrier as to their nature or value, or their threat to safety as well. (For sea carrier only)
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Jettison or their proper General Average sacrifice. When cargo is intentionally and properly destroyed or damage during the voyage in order to preserve the ship and other cargo from a danger threatening the entire. Adventure.
((Из-за особых проблем природы во время рейса английские суды сократили строгую ответственность обычного перевозчика до следующих шести исключений общего права от ответственности:
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Закон Божий. Некоторые непредвиденные и непредсказуемые природные события, такие как: молния или землетрясение.
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Закон врагов королевы. Например: государство или люди, с которыми перевозчик находится в состоянии войны во время перевозки товара.
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Собственные пороки в товарах. Например: естественная тенденция товара ухудшаться без человеческой халатности. Потеря веса из-за испарения. Перевозчики не будут нести ответственность за это, но он будет нести ответственность, если он усугубит любые убытки или ущерб из-за присущего порока через нарушение договора.
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Небрежность грузоотправителя. Недостаточная или дефектная упаковка товаров внутри контейнеров или ящиков.
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Мошенничество владельца или грузоотправителя товаров. Если грузоотправитель отправляет перевозчику неверное заявление в отношении их характера или стоимости или их угрозы безопасности. (Только для морского перевозчика)
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Джеттисон или их обычная общая жертва. Когда груз намеренно и надлежащим образом уничтожается или повреждается во время рейса, чтобы сохранить судно и другой груз от опасности, угрожающей всему.
5. Type of loss. Example of atl and ctl
1) Actual total loss (atl) may occur in 4 ways:
- Where the property insured is actually destroyed. Where a ship is wrecked or burnt out, or where goods are crushed in the collapse of a stow of cargo.
- Where goods change their character to such a degree that they can be said to be no longer a thing of the kind that was insured. Where cement powder solidifies.
- Where the assured is irretrievably deprived of his property. Where the ship is sunk in very deep water.
- Where the insured property is posted “missing” at Lloyd. Where a ship has not reported for several weeks.
If the ship then turns up after a claim for ATL has been settled, it automatically becomes the property of the insurers.