- •Common carriers
- •Private carriers
- •4. Common law obligations of carriers. Common law exemptions from carriers liability ynder the Hague-Visby Rules. Common low obligations of carriers
- •Common law exceptions from liability
- •5. Type of loss. Example of atl and ctl
- •1) Actual total loss (atl) may occur in 4 ways:
- •2) There is a constructive total loss (ctl) in the following cases:
- •1) Фактические суммарные потери (atl) могут возникать четырьмя способами:
- •2) Существует конструктивная полная потеря (ctl) в следующих случаях:
- •6. Particular average: definition. Particular average compared to general average. Example.
- •The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a ga definition.
- •Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
- •Interested parties in ga and their relative interests in the maritime venture.
- •Documents and evidence required from a ship in case of ga.
- •Cargo related incidents— documentary evidence
- •11. Ships agent and surveyors in ga. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •12. Collisions: definition. Evidence prior to a collision and after a collision.
- •13. Sea protest. The structure of sp. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •Evidence required in a collision when a vessel is under pilotage, anchored or moored.
- •Vessel under pilotage or in congested waters
- •Vessel moored
- •Interactive Root Causes Analysis. Definition. The main purpose of irca. 5 Whys method.
- •The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
- •3 Cause levels. Their definitions and examples.
- •Direct causes
- •Root causes
- •Reporting incident and accident onboard. The key stages in the accident investigation.
- •Near miss reports
- •Frauds with documents and cargo. Four scenarios.
- •Common law obligations of carriers. Common Law exemptions from carrier’s liability.
- •The objectives of the Hague-Visby Rules. Liabilities of carrier under the Hague-Visby Rules.
- •The exemptions from the carrier’s liability under the Hague-Visby Rules: Article 4, Rule 2(a).
- •Types of loss. Examples of actual total loss and constructive total loss.
- •Particular average: definition. Particular average compared to general average. Examples.
- •The main objectives of the York-Antwerp Rules. Rule a: ga definition.
- •Extraordinary expenditures and sacrifices. Examples.
- •Interested parties in ga and their relative interests in the maritime venture.
- •Documents and evidence required from a ship in a case of ga.
- •Collisions: definitions. Evidence prior to a collision and after a collision.
- •Sea protest. The procedure and the purposes of noting a sea protest.
- •Evidence required in a collision when a vessel is under pilotage, anchored or moored.
- •18.Interactive Root Cause Analysis illustrated with one of the cases.
- •The main purpose of accident investigation and the main reasons for doing it.
- •20. Reporting incidents and accidents on board. The key stages in the accident investigation.
- •4. 3 Purposes for deviation from the route of the voyage.
- •8.Ga contribution , bond and guarantee.
- •9.Ga adjuster and ga adjustment.
- •10.Ship’s agents and surveyors in ga.
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3 Cause levels. Their definitions and examples.
An accident will normally have three cause levels:
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direct / immediate causes
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basic / root causes
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control management failure.
The direct / immediate cause of an accident can be defined as a problem that, if corrected, could have prevented an incident from occurring or have significantly reduced the incident's consequences.
The basic / root cause can be defined as the most basic cause that can be reasonably identified that management has control to fix, and when fixed, will prevent, or significantly reduce the likelihood of the problem's recurrence. The root causes are the reason why substandard acts / conditions occur; the factors that, when identified, permit meaningful management control.
Control management failure: 'management' refers not to the senior management of the Company but to the management system – be it on the bridge or in the office.
Direct/Surface causes are usually due to substandard acts and substandard conditions.
Direct causes
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Substandard Acts Действия с отклонениями от нормы |
Substandard Conditions Условия/обстоятельства, не отвечающие нормам |
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The underlying root cause(s) is / are not immediately visible.
Root causes
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Both causes stem from the failure of the management control system.
By dealing with the root causes and / or control management failures, the direct causes can be eliminated.
This, in turn, removes the likelihood (вероятность) of a hazardous event occurring.
Some examples of direct causes and root causes:
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Accident / Incident / Near Miss |
Direct causes |
Root causes |
Management Control failure |
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1. Tanker runs aground in the Channel
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Incorrect navigation / ship handling |
Inadequate training and experience in the pilotage of large tankers |
Knowledge and skills training |
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2. Tanker explosion due to defective cargo pump |
Defective equipment |
Inadequate maintenance |
Planning inspection and maintenance |
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3. AB working aloft without safety harness |
Failure to use PPE |
Failure to supervise the use of PPE |
PPE record keeping |
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4. AB trips on uneven floor |
Substandard conditions or inadequate controls / barriers |
Inadequate maintenance of standards |
Planning inspection and maintenance |