- •Chapter 1
- •I. Master the active vocabulary.
- •II. Read and translate the text. What is Science?
- •VII. Find the words with similar meanings.
- •VIII. Make up dialogues on the following topics.
- •IX. Render the text. Chapter 2
- •I. Master the active vocabulary.
- •II. Read and translate the text. Science, engineering and technology
- •III. Answer the following question.
- •IV. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations.
- •V. Find the words with similar meanings.
- •VI. Insert the necessary word. Consult the text.
- •Chapter 3
- •I. Master the active vocabulary.
- •II. Read and translate the text. Technology
- •III. Find the words with similar meanings.
- •IV. Write down 5 your own sentences using words and word combinations from Ex-s 1 ,3.
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VI. Give a latter of the correct ending for each sentence.
- •VII. Give the numbers of the statements that are true according to the text.
- •VIII. Render the text. Chapter 4
- •II. Master the active vocabulary.
- •III. Read and translate the text.
- •IV. Match the underlined words from the text with the meanings below.
- •V. Find the English equivalents.
- •VIII. Translate into English.
- •Chapter 5
- •I. Master the active vocabulary:
- •II. Read and translate the text.
- •III. Answer the questions about the text.
- •IV. Complete the sentences.
- •VI. Give the English equivalents.
- •I. Master the active vocabulary.
- •III. Give the Russian equivalents.
- •IV. Give the English equivalents.
- •V. Answer the questions.
- •VI. Retell the text.
- •I. Master the active vocabulary.
- •II. Read and translate the text.
- •III. Answer the questions.
- •IV. True or False?
- •V. Give the English equivalents.
- •VI. Retell the text. Chapter 8
- •Small is beautiful
- •IV. Which paragraphs describe advantages of optical fibres and which describe disadvantages?
- •V. Complete the definitions (1-9) below with the underlined words in the text.
- •Chapter 9
- •Big is the Best
- •III. Read the text again and answer the questions (1-9) below.
- •IV. First, underline the question words in Exercise 3. Then use them to complete these questions.
- •V. Complete the texts by putting one word in each space. Use the words in the box. Check the meaning of any new words in the glossary or your dictionary.
- •Chapter 10 Gadgets
- •II. Read the texts (a-d) again and match the sentences (1-6) below with the gadgets.
- •III. Complete the definitions (1-7) with the underlined words in the text. Use the glossary or your dictionary to help you.
- •Chapter 11 The future of technology
- •Grammar notes: Phrasal verbs
- •II. Study the following phrasal verbs. Put each one in the correct sentence.
- •Chapter12
- •Innovations in medical technology
- •AbioCor Artificial heart.
- •II. Before reading the next text discuss with your partner the possible answers to the following questions.
- •Read the text and check your answers.
- •Chapter13
- •I. Find the meaning of each word.
- •II. Find the synonym of each word.
- •III. Find the words with similar meanings.
- •IV. Read and translate the following word combinations into Russian.
- •Play the game.
- •Chapter 14
- •I. Read and translate the text. Alfred nobel - a man of contrasts
- •II.Read the text again and divide it into four parts. Give titles to these parts choosing the most suitable from the list below:
- •III. Form sentences connecting word groups on the right with but and making the necessary changes. You will see that Nobel’s life was really full of contrasts.
- •Chapter 15
- •Little-known facts about well-known people
- •3. What brought Einstein more joy than anything else?
- •4. By what illustration did Einstein explain his Theory of Relativity?
- •5. What two rules of conduct did Einstein have?
- •Chapter 16 Where have I heard that name before?
- •I. Before you start.
- •II. Put these standard international (si) units into the correct column.
- •III. Now complete the definitions (1-11) below with the units from Exercise 2 and the people in the box.
- •Read the definitions in Exercise 3 again. Find words that mean.
- •V. Find out which things in this list are named after people. Can you add similar words from your language?
- •Chapter 17
- •I. Read and translate the text. Alexander graham bell
- •II. Complete sentences choosing the variant corresponding to the contents of the text.
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •Additional material for reading
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •II. Ask 6 questions about the text.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •II. Give summary of the text.
- •II. Ask 6 questions about the text. Text 4. Collider design
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •II. Give the summary of the text.
III. Answer the following question.
1. Can we define the distinction between science, engineering and technology?
2. What is engineering?
3. Are technologies exclusively products of science?
4. What does the development of technology depend on?
IV. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations.
последствие, полупроводник
прикладная наука
отвергать
спорный
удовлетворять требованиям
собирать технологические результаты вовремя
V. Find the words with similar meanings.
tool aim
investigation advanced
to involve to create
purpose to decline
to innovate machinery
to resist implement
modern research
equipment to include
contemporary
VI. Insert the necessary word. Consult the text.
1. Technology is often … of science and engineering.
2. The … knowledge may be used by engineers to create … and machines.
3. Science is the reasoned … or study of phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring principles among elements of the phenomenal world by employing scientific … .
4. In immediate wake of World War II in the United States it was widely considered that technology was simply "… science" and that to fund basic science was to … technological results in due time.
5. The development of … may draw upon many fields of knowledge, including scientific, engineering, mathematical, linguistic, and historical knowledge, to … some practical result.
6. Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy … such as utility, … and safety.
(achieve, technology, to reep, usability, method, consequence, applied,
new-found, requirement, tools, investigation).
Chapter 3
I. Master the active vocabulary.
Conversion – превращение, изменение
To interact- взаимодействовать
Club - дубинка
To deplete – истощать, исчерпывать
To the detriment of the Earth – в ущерб земле
Implement – орудие, инструмент
Pervasive – проникающий, распространяющийся повсюду
To alienate – отчуждать
Utensil – посуда, утварь
prominent – впадающийся.
To reject – отвергать
To imply – подразумевать, намекать
Entity – сущность
Accelerator – ускоритель
Benefit – польза
To enhance – повышать, увеличивать
To facilitate – облегчать
Endeavor –пытаться; попытка, старание
II. Read and translate the text. Technology
Technology is the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques and crafts, or systems or methods of organization, or is a material product (such as clothing) of these things. The word technology comes from the Greek technología — téchnē 'craft' and -logía- the study of something, or the branch of knowledge of a discipline. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas for example "construction technology", "medical technology", or "state-of-the-art technology". Technology affects the humanity significantly. The human’s usage of technology was begun with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of fire increased the available sources of food. The invention of wheel helped humans in travelling. Recent technological developments such as printing press, telephone and the Internet have lessened physical barriers in communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history from clubs to nuclear weapons.
Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products known as pollution and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of the society and new technology often raises new ethical questions.
Philosophers debate about the present and future use of technology in the society solving whether technology improves human conditions or worsens them. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticize the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world explaining that it harms the environment and alienates people; on the contrary, transhumanism and techno-progressivism view the technological progress as beneficial to the society and human conditions.
The invention of printing press made it possible for scientists and politicians to share information with ease leading to the Age of Enlightenment. Here technology can be regarded as cultural force.
The use of the term technology has changed significantly over the last 200 years. Before the 20th century the term was uncommon in English and usually referred to as the description or study of the useful arts. Further the concept of technology was associated with the world of science, big business, and engineering. In 1937 American sociologist Read Bain wrote that "technology includes all tools, machines, utensil, weapons, instruments, housing, clothing, communicating and transporting devices and the skills by which we produce and use them." Bain's definition remains common among scholars today, especially social scientists. But equally prominent is the definition of technology as applied science, especially among scientists and engineers, although most social scientists who study technology reject this definition.
Dictionaries and scholars have offered a variety of definitions. The Merriam-Webster dictionary offers a definition of the term: "the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area" and "a capability given by the practical application of knowledge". Ursula Franklin in her 1989 "Real World of Technology" lecture gave another definition of the concept; it is "practice, the way we do things around here". The term is often used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics, rather than technology as a whole.
Technology can be most broadly defined as the entity both material and immaterial created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to achieve some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems. It is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools such as a wooden spoon or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator.
The word "technology" can also be used to refer to a collection of techniques. In this context, it is the current state of humanity's knowledge of how to combine resources to produce desired products, to solve problems, fulfill needs, or satisfy wants; it includes technical methods, skills, processes, techniques, tools and raw materials. When combined with another term, such as "medical technology" or "space technology", it refers to the state of the respective field's knowledge and tools. "State-of-the-art technology" refers to the high technology available to humanity in any field.
Technology can be viewed as an activity that forms or changes culture. Additionally technology is the application of math, science and the arts for the benefit of life as it is known. Technology not only enhances culture in a creative way; technology can also help to facilitate political oppressions and war via tools such as guns. As a cultural activity technology predates both science and engineering, each of which formalizes some aspects of technological endeavor.