- •Topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of death, bad health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications
- •Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •American English Idioms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during
- •Interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •15.3. Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •15.4. Guess and Intuition
- •15.5. To See a Speaker
- •15.6. Automatism of Synthesis
- •15.7. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.8. Interpretation Typology
- •15.9. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.10. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.11. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •Give English/Ukrainian interpretation on sight of the following trext: The Price of Progress
- •Give two-way interpretation of the following texts:
- •Topic 16: ability to hear as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
Leeches – “an ancient creature that has always been helping people” – are said to cure all from bad blood circulation to arthritis.
Leeches are gross, but they are on the biting edge of science. From plastic surgery to muscle pain, these blood-sucking worms seem to know more about humans than we can imagine.
Surgeon Leonid Sarzhan picked up his first leech five years ago. Practicing in an old Soviet-built polyclinic in Kyiv, at one point he got tired of cutting people. "Leeches are more efficient than a scalpel," said Sarzhan. "Eighty percent of all surgeries simply cripple people. Operations send a shock to a human body, and recovery takes long time. Leeches aren't as traumatic."
Used for bloodletting, these worms have been around for centuries. Before there were antibiotics, doctors prescribed medical leeches to chronic wounds. This alternative medicine, known as hirudotherapy, now helps to relieve patients from a variety of pains: from arthritis to a gumboil. Leeches also managed to creep into anti-aging health and beauty products. The process of putting them to work though is not for the faint at heart.
Sarzhan buys his worms from Saint Petersburg laboratories, where he said they are carefully synthesized away from Mother Nature. In his Kyiv cabinet, leeches swim in a family of a dozen in big glass jars. When he pops the lid open, they try to escape.
"A leech is a unique creature. It doesn't cure only an illness, it cures energy of a body cell," Sarzhan explained philosophically. His patient, Melania Pavlenko, 74, closes her eyes as the nurse plants the black worms on her legs.
Suffering from varicosity, she said she tried surgery but it didn't help. "Now I apply leeches once in six months, and my veins go back to normal," Pavlenko said. One session involving five to six leeches costs around Hr 100, which is often cheaper and less traumatic than surgery or tablets.
On the more scientific side, a leech injects more than 100 bioactive chemicals into the blood. The bite itself doesn't hurt much as leech's saliva contains hirudin, which numbs the stinging sensation. It stabilizes blood circulation and prevents edemas and blood clots.
"A leech is an ancient creature that has always been helping people," said entrepreneur Svitlana Opanasiuk who also believes in leeches. "In the 18th century women used to put them behind their ears to have a smooth and luminous skin before attending a ball."
Opanasiuk has developed more than health affection for leeches. While they suck her blood, she learnt how to pump money from them. With a couple of friends, she launched a leech farm, which now sells its produce to Kyiv pharmacies and clinics. One leach costs Hr 7-8 depending on the volume of purchase.
Despite these upbeat stories, there are people who didn't enjoy the experience. A doctor from Mykolayiv Lidia Lutinova put her trust in worms while suffering from osteochondrosis. "I couldn't stand the pain [in bones] so I thought I'd give it a try," Lutinina recalled.
The doctor put two leeches behind her ears and four on her legs. It didn't hurt much, she said, but it didn't yield a result either. After the fourth session, Lutinina said she got worse: The bites wouldn't stop bleeding for several hours.
Doctors don't have an unequivocal opinion on leeches, she said. Yet health care authorities define hirudotherapy as folk medicine and allow doctors to practice it if they obtain a special license.
Donetsk-based cosmetics company Biokon has one of those permits. They have been breeding leeches for almost 20 years for sale, research and blending into various anti-aging creams.
A leech requires stable conditions – plenty of light, water temperature and regular food to grow big and healthy, it says on their website. In the wild, they are not spoilt by a choice in food snacking on the blood of mussels, worms and sometimes grubs. While Biokon refuses to disclose the menu of their pets, similar leech factories abroad feed them with cow blood or raw meat.
So what happens to a leech after it's done its gore business? "Sadly, a leech who does well for us pays with its life for it," said leech trader Opanasiuk. Leeches are treated as disposable syringes. But the benefit doesn't stop there, at least for Opanasiuk.
Perusing Biokon's experience, she makes a facial mask from dead leeches. "Anti-aging effect is guaranteed," said hard-core leech fan, Opanasiuk. (Kyivpost, November 26, 2010)
Practise two-way consecutive translation of the text:
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THE BLUE BACTERIA (After H. G. Wells) The bacteriologist worked in his laboratory. A man came to him. He wanted to see the laboratory. The bacteriologist did not know this man, but he had a letter from the bacteriologist's friend. The bacteriologist began to show the laboratory to his visitor. "This," said the bacteriologist, "is a preparation of cholera bacteria." His visitor looked into the microscope. "I see very little." "Perhaps the microscope is out of focus for you. Turn this micrometer a little," said the bacteriologist. "Ah! Now I see," said the visitor. "But there is not so much to see after all. They are so little!" "And still those little things might kill all the population of a city like London!" |
БЛАКИТНІ БАКТЕРІЇ (За Г.Г.Уельсом) Бактеріолог працював у своїй лабораторії. До нього підійшов чоловік. Він хотів оглянути лабораторію. Бактеріолог не знав цю людину, але той мав листа від друга бактеріолога. Бактеріолог почав показувати лабораторію гостю. "Це, – сказав бактеріолог, – препарат бактерії холери". Гість подивився у мікроскоп: "Я погано бачу". "Можливо, мікроскоп не в фокусі для вас. Поверніть трохи мікрометр", – сказав бактеріолог. "О! Тепер я бачу, – сказав гість. – Але все-таки не дуже добре видно. Вони такі маленькі!" "Проте ці маленькі істоти можуть вбити все населення такого міста, як Лондон!" |
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The visitor stood up, took the preparation from the microscope and looked at it. "Are these living bacteria?" "No, these are dead," answered the bacteriologist. "I hope some day we shall be able to kill them all." "You probably do not have these in the active state?" asked the visitor. "On the contrary, we must have them." The bacteriologist walked across the room and took a glass-tube from one of the tables. "Here is a culture of the active cholera bacteria." The visitor looked with great interest at the table. "It's a deadly thing," he said at last. "Yes," said the bacteriologist, "if you break such a little tube into the water supply it will kill all the population of London." The visitor looked at him and said, "Why do the anarchists use bombs when they can get these little things? I think..." At this moment the bacteriologist's wife opened the door a little and said: "Just a minute, dear." The bacteriologist had to go out. In a few minutes he came back. The visitor was on the way to the door. "I did not know," he said, "that it was so late. You will excuse me, I have to go." And he went out quickly. The bacteriologist sat down at his table and began to think about his visitor. Why does he show such a great interest in the bacteria? Why did he speak about the anarchists? And where is the tube? It is not on the table. "Minnie!" "Yes, dear," answered his wife from her room. "Had I anything in my hand when I spoke to you?" "Nothing, dear, because I remember..." "Blue bacteria," cried the bacteriologist and ran to the window. The bacteriologist's visitor was already far away. "I shall have to find him," cried the bacteriologist, and ran out without his hat and coat. He took a car and went after the anarchist. Minnie could not understand anything. So she took his hat and coat and ran out after him. At this time the visitor was already in a car. "I am the first anarchist who uses cholera bacteria instead of bombs," he thought. "All the world will have to know my name." But at this moment the car stopped suddenly and the man fell down. The tube broke in his hand. "Ah," he cried, "I shall not be able to do what I wanted so much." The bacteriologist was already near. What could the anarchist do? He looked at the broken tube. There was still some culture in it. "I shall drink it!" And he did so. Then he got out of the car. The bacteriologist was quite near. "You are too late, my friend. I drank your cholera bacteria three minutes ago. I want to be the first anarchist..." "You are an anarchist!" cried the bacteriologist. "I see now, I thought so." The man looked at him for a moment and started running. The bacteriologist did not run after him. He even did not see that his wife Minnie was before him. "Here are your hat and coat! Put them on, please." "Very good of you to bring my things. But it is so hot! After all – very well." Then suddenly he smiled. "You see, that man who came to my laboratory to see me is an anarchist. I did not know it. I wanted to astonish him and showed him a culture of those new bacteria which I began to cultivate a few months ago. I tried their action on dogs, and all of them turned blue! Do you remember our white mouse? Poor thing, she was quite blue after that experiment! I told this man it was Asiatic cholera. He ran away with the tube to break it into the water supply of London, and then he drank my blue bacteria instead of the cholera. Of course, I cannot say what may happen to him. I think he will turn blue! But the worst of it is that I shall have to prepare a new culture." |
Гість підвівся, вийняв препарат з мікроскопа і подивився на нього. "Це живі бактерії?" "Ні, ці мертві," – відповів бактеріолог. "Сподіваюсь, що колись ми зможемо вбити їх усіх". "У вас справді немає їх в активному стані?" – спитав гість. "Навпаки, обов'язково є". Бактеріолог пройшов через кімнату і взяв зі столика скляну пробірку. "Ось культура активних бактерій холери". Гість подивився з цікавістю на стіл. "Це смертельна річ," нарешті сказав він. "Так, – сказав бактеріолог. – Якщо таку маленьку пробірку вилити у водопровідну систему, вона уб'є все населення Лондона". Гість подивився на нього і сказав: "Чому анархісти користуються бомбами, якщо вони можуть узяти ці маленькі речі? Я думаю..." У цей момент дружина бактеріолога прочинила двері і сказала: "Можна тебе на хвилинку, любий?" Бактеріолог змушений був вийти. Через кілька хвилин він знову увійшов. Гість прямував до дверей. "Я не знав, сказав він, – що так пізно. Пробачте мені, я повинен іти". І він швидко вийшов. Бактеріолог сів за стіл і почав думати про гостя. Чому він так сильно зацікавився бактеріями? Чому він говорив про анархістів? І де пробірка? її немає на столі. "Мінні!" "Так, любий," – відповіла дружина зі своєї кімнати. "Чи було в мене щось у руці, коли я розмовляв з тобою?" "Нічого, любий, тому що я пам'ятаю..." "Блакитні бактерії!" – вигукнув бактеріолог і підбіг до вікна. Гість бактеріолога був уже далеко. "Я повинен знайти його," – закричав бактеріолог і вибіг без капелюха і пальта. Він узяв машину і помчав за анархістом. Мінні нічого не могла зрозуміти. Відтак вона взяла його капелюха і пальто і вибігла за ним. У цей час гість уже їхав у машині. "Я перший анархіст, який застосовує холерні бактерії замість бомб, – подумав він. – І світ узнає моє ім'я". Але в цю мить машина раптом зупинилася і чоловік упав. Про-бірка розбилася в його руці. "Ой, – закричав він. – "Я не зможу зробити те, чого я так хотів". Бактеріолог був уже поруч. Що залишалося робити анархістові? Він подивився на розбиту про-бірку. У ній ще було трохи речо-вини. "Я вип'ю її!" І він це зробив. Потім він вийшов з мА-шини. Бактеріолог був зовсім близько. "Пізно, мій друже. Я випив ваші бактерії холери три хвилини тому. Я хочу бути першим анархістом..." "Ви анархіст! – скрикнув бактеріолог. – Тепер я бачу, я так і думав". Чоловік дивився на нього якусь хвилину і почав бігти. Бактеріолог не побіг за ним. Він навіть не бачив, що за ним стояла його дружина Мінні. "Ось твій капелюх і пальто! Надягни їх, будь ласка". "Дуже добре, що ти принесла мої речі. Але ж дуже жарко! Та проте – дуже добре!" Потім він раптом посміхнувся. "Бачиш, цей чоловік, що прийшов до мене в лабораторію – анархіст. Я не знав його. Я хотів здивувати його і показав йому культуру тих нових бактерій, які я почав культивувати кілька місяців тому. Я випробовував їхню дію на собаках, і всі вони стали блакит-ними. Ти пам'ятаєш нашу білу мишу? Бідна істота, вона стала зовсім блакитною після цього експери-менту! Я сказав цьому чоловікові, що це азіатська холера. Він утік з цією пробіркою, щоб вилити її у водопровідну систему Лондона, а потім випив мої блакитні бактерії замість холерних. Звичайно, я не можу сказати, що може трапитися з ним. Я думаю, що він стане блакитним! Але найгірше з усього те, що мені доведеться готувати нову культуру бактерій". |