- •Topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of death, bad health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications
- •Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •American English Idioms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during
- •Interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •15.3. Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •15.4. Guess and Intuition
- •15.5. To See a Speaker
- •15.6. Automatism of Synthesis
- •15.7. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.8. Interpretation Typology
- •15.9. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.10. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.11. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •Give English/Ukrainian interpretation on sight of the following trext: The Price of Progress
- •Give two-way interpretation of the following texts:
- •Topic 16: ability to hear as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
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10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
Lexical "gaps" are caused by the use of slang, jargon (including professional jargon), dialectal words, rare professional abbreviations and acronyms, highly specific items of national lexicon or very specific idioms, e.g. flat–top (milit sl) – авіаносець; chopper (milit sl) – вертоліт, гелікоптер; high–fliers (admin sl) – перспективні, талановиті працівники; honky, honkie (Ame sl taboo derived from honkies – Hungarian community in New York City, USA) – білошкіра людина; honky–tonk – дешева музика у барах, білошкіра людина; pot (drug–users' sl) – марихуана; shiv or chiv (criminal sl) – ніж, "перо"; APC (armored personnel carrier, milit) – БТР, бронетранспортер; TY (total yield, milit) – загальна потужність ядерного заряду; вертушка (milit si); – вертоліт; сидушка (drivers' sl) – невеличке сидіння в авто; мочити (criminal sl); (prison sl) – вбивати; жиган – в'язень, позбавлений прав "на зоні", прикид (teenagers' sl) – одяг, мода, стиль, etc.
Some newly coined by the Ukrainian media words as a result of sometimes excessive purist tendency of "ukrainisation" at the beginning of this century are potential gap–makers. Certain professional political, diplomatic, and administrative newly formed slang or jargon words also belong here. Examples of such words (most of them are nonce–words or "fly–by–night" units and not registered by dictionaries) are: автівка for автомобіль, авто; верхогони for змагання на верхових конях; кермувач for водій; далекогляд for бінокль; літовище, літалище for аеропорт; нарід (заст.) for народ; хрестослов for кросворд; лижварка for лижниця; генделик for пивничка, забігайлівка; скринька перемичок for коробка передач; гвинтокрил for вертоліт; штрикавка for шприц; міжповерховий дротохід for ліфт; пупорізка for акушерка; ветувати, заветувати for накладати вето; заангажованість for упередженість; провокативний for провокаційний; заманіфестувати for проголосити; педалювати (питання) for прискорювати (розгляд питання), etc. Only the use (узус) will over time tell whether such words will be accepted by the Ukrainian standard literary language or disappear. Usually newly coined words have a short life. They cease to be nonce–words after being used for more then 5–7 times in print and then they are usually registered by dictionaries.
Another potential group of "gap–makers" makes up words borrowed from other languages and used in the Ukrainian discourse as they sound (or are written) in these languages. The main source of such "borrowings" is Russian language due to its close historical bonds with Ukrainian, as well as because Ukraine is a multinational state, where Russian is widely spoken in the South and East of Ukraine, Kyiv included. In theory and in accordance with the AIIC requirements to holding international conferences speakers should by all means avoid using words from languages, other than the announced official language/languages of the conference. It means that if the source speakers speak Ukrainian, they should not use Russian, English, German or Polish words and expressions. The same holds true for speakers, who speak Russian or any other language for which interpretation is provided at the conference. However, in practice this is not always the case. Quite often, especially at bilateral negotiations, round tables, press conferences, interviews and talk shows interpreters may hear from, for instance, Ukrainian speakers something like: "Ви знаєте, я сейчас скажу это на русском языке ", which would require a very quick "switch" of the language code of the interpreter and may be regarded as interpretation in the environment of complicated communication, this time – multilingual. If the interpreter knows (or at least has some understanding) of such "third" language – then the interpretation is performed successfully. However, imagine that the interpreter doesn't know the "third" intervening language. The result would be obvious – interpretation will fail and the message of the speaker will not be brought to the target audience. Here are some of the examples, which you will most probably hear on the phonograms and which are encountered in interpretation practice: *так сказать instead of так би мовити; *цe питання стоїть на повестке дня instead of на порядку денному; "палата общин instead of палата громад; *на протязі року instead of протягом року; *оружейний плутоній instead of збройний плутоній; знаєш що, мамо, *Warszawa w porownaniu z Kiiowom – to iak mala wioska (from Polish) instead of Варшава у порівнянні з Києвом – це як маленьке село; в Америці дуже багато *шеровців instead of акціонерів; ходімо до *сітінг руми instead of до вітальні; the Gongadze family were not recognized as *la partie civile (from French) instead of the Gongadze family were not recognized as a civil plaintiff (or as the aggrieved side or as a damaged side – родина Гонгадзе не була визнана громадським позивачем; потерпілою стороню; стороною, яка зазнала шкоди).