- •Topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of death, bad health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications
- •Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •American English Idioms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during
- •Interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •15.3. Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •15.4. Guess and Intuition
- •15.5. To See a Speaker
- •15.6. Automatism of Synthesis
- •15.7. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.8. Interpretation Typology
- •15.9. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.10. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.11. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •Give English/Ukrainian interpretation on sight of the following trext: The Price of Progress
- •Give two-way interpretation of the following texts:
- •Topic 16: ability to hear as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
-
12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
Because of its specific features and depending on the level of training, knowledge, gifts and skills of the interpreter interpretation can be performed at the level of understanding, which is enough for maintaining communication, i.e. for receiving information, but not adequate enough in terms of contents and not perfect in the form or word compatibility, choice of vocabulary, and just mistakes, slips of the tongue, etc.
Another thing is when in interpretation the idiomatic level is achieved, i.e. when interpretation is fully adequate and sounds easily, naturally, beautifully with correct compatibility of words. The second level can be achieved easier, sure, in interpreting into native language. The requirements to interpretation into foreign language are objectively lowered to some extent, especially at the initial stage of interpreters’ training.
Professional interpretation, as a rule, is idiomatic both in form and content, with achieving the highest possible level of adequacy.
Idiomatic level of interpretation is achieved on the basis of professional knowledge of both foreign and native languages, on the basis of thoughtful and painstaking work, training in classes and independently – through studying literature, text analysis, selection and remembering stereotyped expressions, clichés, standard phrases, stock phrases, phrasal and colloquialisms, terms, especially in financial-economical, bank and technical spheres.
-
12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
Two-way interpretation is a complicated psycho-linguistic process, where knowing languages (native and foreign), corresponding psychological mood as well as general erudition (background knowledge) merge together. This is the so called triad of interpretation process (тріада усного перекладу):
Psychology (π-factor)
Language I/II Erudition
All three the most important components (languages, psychology and erudition) have almost the same importance.
Let’s dwell upon these aspects:
• Interpretation is impossible without deep knowledge of foreign and native languages. If the first is absolutely vivid, then the second may raise a question – don’t we know Russian or Ukrainian very well, being the careers of our native language, taking it in with mother’s milk?
Nevertheless practice shows that for successful interpretation it is important to know all nuances, aspects and functional styles, compatibility. It is necessary to approach native language as a foreign one, looking at it as if you are a foreigner, and also one should have a good command of oral speech, possess culture of language and speech.
In training interpretation different “sins and transgressions” come out, and paradoxically, just because of insufficient knowledge of native language, incapability to clearly and shortly express in it one’s thought, because of unsatisfactory managing its functional styles.
• Psychological aspect of interpretation means psychological training to overcome nervousness and excitement, typical of stress situations. Everybody knows this condition during exams, interviews, etc. It is important to have control over oneself, to keep oneself in hand. Unfortunately, at exams strong, conscientious, industrious, but “easily lost” students – in condition of stress, manifest the results, which are lower than their possibilities and abilities.
Interpretation is always an exam of professional readiness, possession of skills, and capability of coping with excitement.
Still confidence, experience, good knowledge of skill secrets and “little intricacies” help the interpreter to overcome so much understandable, but useless excitement, when the attention of the audience is focused on you.
Especially powerful psychological pressing takes place in consecutive interpretation, as a simultaneous interpreter stays isolated and invisible to public; he is protected from audience by the walls of the cubicle. The simultaneous interpreter can get concentrated in a better way, nothing distracts him, and he feels more comfortable. Receivers of information get only his voice, sounding in earphones.
Excitement, nervousness, stage fright are familiar to everybody, who speaks in public – actors, radio and TV presenters, political figures, journalists, as well as students, especially badly prepared.
Moderate excitement before appearing in the center of attention is even useful – your attention is mobilized, reaction gets sharpened, all your mental abilities are in the pick. Interpretation is especially difficult type of speech activity and all those who interpret have this excitement, because it includes instant switch, understanding, comprehension, and giving publicity to the information received either in this or that language in succession. Excitement should be limited to the minimum, as it may strongly affect the quality of interpretation.
• π-factor consists of the following the most important skills:
a) to have control over oneself, to keep oneself in hand in any circumstances;
b) immediately switch from one language into another, from one topic to another;
c) concentrate your attention, not to distract to secondary outside irritants, focusing on comprehension, processing and giving the information out;
d) to direct excitement to mobilization of all psychological-physiological recourses of your body.