Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10

"gaps" in comprehension of oral discourse	лакуни, пропуски у сприйнятті усного дискурсу (усних повідомлень) перекладачем
to perceive the message	сприймати усне повідомлення (перш за все його "фонетичну матерію")
to fill in the "gaps"	заповнювати лакуни, припуски
Brummy	браммі - бірмінгемський акцент (Центральна Англія)
phonoloaical "gaps"	фонологічні (фонетичні) лакуни, пропуски
lexical "gaps"	лексичні лакуни, попуски
grammatical "gaps"	граматичні лакуни, пропуски
fly-by-nightwords, nonce-words	слова-одноденки, які є, як правило, штучними утвореннями і яким не можна довіряти
words of the day (pat phrases)	слова сьогодення, найбільш частотно вживана лексика, лексичні одиниці, які перекладач мусить перекладати "автоматично"

Questions for discussion:

1. Define the phenomenon of "gaps" (lacunas, lacunae) in perception of oral discourse.

2. What are the main factors, which cause "gaps" in perception of oral discourse?

3. What are the main types of "gaps" in perception of oral discourse?

4. Comment upon the phonological "gaps" in perception of oral discourse.

5. Comment upon the lexical "gaps" in perception of oral discourse.

6. Comment upon the grammatical "gaps" in perception of oral discourse.

7. What can be recommended to minimise the negative impact of "gaps" in perception of oral discourse upon the result of interpreting?

8. In what way can lexical repetition links, which ensure cohesion of oral discourse, help interpreter fill in the "gaps"?

9. Why is the SL and TL cultural competence so important for successful interpreting?

Practical Assignments

Practise sight translation of the text:

Grain export curbs scare off investors in Ukraine, Russia

Many Ukrainian farms still depend on inefficient Soviet-built harvesting tractors and other farming technologies. Experts say that if the country removed protectionist export restrictions, more investment would flow into the nation's promising farming sector and cash-strapped farmers would earn more from their crop. The country has in the past decade harvested between 25 and 50 million tons of grain each season. Experts say that if Ukraine's government cancels damaging grain export restrictions and drops plans to introduce monopolies in the market, investment could help Ukraine double or triple its crops within decades. This, in turn, could turn Ukraine – already one of the world's top 10 grain exporters – into a geopolitically powerful global food supplier.

Grain export restrictions in Ukraine and Russia to address food security concerns are making investors re-think their commitments in these regions, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) said.

"There's been more downscaling and taking more time over investment decisions," in light of the policy decisions in Ukraine and Russia, said Gilles Mettetal, director of tine EBRD's Agribusiness unit.

Ukraine's government is considering a draft law that would allow only the state-run grain company and producers, not private traders, to export agricultural commodities. It already had introduced export limits this season after a drought last summer, and neighboring Russia has also banned grain exports. "Export quotas have damaged the confidence of investors already. Now this new law will do even more damage, and it will take a long time to ever regain that confidence," Mettetal said. The EBRD sent a joint letter with the IMF and World Bank to Ukraine's Prime Minister three weeks ago airing concerns that a proposed state-controlled grain export monopoly could deter future private sector investments in the country's agricultural industry, but no response has been received, Mettetal said. "I spent half an hour on the phone yesterday trying to reassure a private sector investor, who is reconsidering an investment in a (agricultural) processing facility in Ukraine," Mettetal said.

High grain prices are a global concern, which helped fuel protests that toppled the rulers of Tunisia and Egypt earlier this year and have spread through North Africa and the Middle East. "Politically the (Ukraine) government wants to reassure the population that these (private) traders are not going to export grain while the population starves," Mettetal said.

EBRD and investment

Ukraine, the world's top barley exporter and a major wheat supplier, benefitted from around 170 million euros ($236.1 million) in EBRD investment in agricultural projects in 2010. "I estimate that last year we could have financed an additional 50-100 million euros in the Ukraine if the political conditions were better," Mettetal said. The EBRD is the largest single investor in agribusiness in Eastern Europe and Central Asia and invested around 800 million euros in the region in 2010.

Earlier this year the EBRD brought together Ukrainian government officials and private sector investors to discuss the challenges to developing agriculture in the region and address growing frustration from its private sector clients.

"We want to continue to support policy dialogue with the government, providing them with instruments such as pre-harvest financing as alternative market-oriented ways to prevent systematic state intervention," Mettetal said.

The draft law for the state grain export monopoly has already raised concerns among traders, who have invested millions of dollars in Ukrainian grain export terminals, silos and local farms.

"Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan could export half of the world's grain export needs, including 60 percent of the world's wheat needs. The potential is enormous," Mettetal said. "Without private sector investment they will never be able to achieve progress."

Practise two-way consecutive translation of the text:

nature's building blocks What are atoms? Over two thousand years ago, about 400 В. C., the Greek philosopher Democritus tried to figure out what the world is made up of and how it came to be the way it is. He came to the conclusion that all things are made up of tiny particles, too small to be seen. There are many kinds, he thought, and they are always moving about, sometimes combining, and sometimes separating again. Democritus deserves tremendous credit for giving us this theory. The discoveries of science in over two thousand years of work and study show that Democritus was right. Investigations by chemists have shown that every chemical compound, such as salt or water, is made up of many tiny particles called molecules. In solids and liquids they are packed closely together. In gases they are spread out thin, with big spaces separating the molecules from each other. Each molecule in a compound is the same as all the other molecules in the same compound, but it is different from the molecules in other compounds. Since there are thousands of different compounds, there are thousands of different kinds of molecules, ranging from simple ones, like the molecules of salt or water, to very complicated ones found only in living things. Further study has shown that the molecules themselves are made up of still smaller particles known as atoms. Although there are thousands of different molecules, there are only 103 different kinds of atoms. These 103 different atoms, known as the chemical elements are the building blocks out of which all material things are made.

будівельні цеглинки природи Що таке атоми? Більш ніж дві тисячі років тому, близько 400 р. до н.е., грецький філософ Демокріт спробував розгадати, з чого створено все-світ і чому він саме такий. Він дійшов висновку, ідо всі предме-ти утворені з частинок, надто малих, щоб їх можна було бачи-ти. їх багато видів, при пустив він, і вони весь час рухаються, то сполучаючись, то роз'єднуючись знову. Демокріт заслуговує на вели-чезну пошану за те, що він дав нам цю теорію. Наукові відкриття, зроблені протягом більш ніж двох наступних тисячоліть напруженої дослідницької роботи доводять, що Демокріт був правий. Дослідження в галузі хімії показали, що кожна хімічна сполука, наприклад сіль або вода, складається з багатьох найдрібніших частинок, що називаються молекулами. У твердих тілах і рідинах вони щільно розміщені. У газах вони розміщені вільніше, з великими проміжками, що відокремлюють молекули одну від одної. Кожна молекула сполуки така само, як і всі інші молекули у цій сполуці, але відрізняється від молекул в інших сполуках. Оскільки є тисячі різних сполук, є й тисячі різних видів молекул – від прос-тих, таких як молекули солі й води, до дуже складних, виявле-них тільки в живих істотах. Подальші дослідження показали, що самі молекули складаються з ще менших частинок, відомих як атоми. Хоча існують тисячі різних молекул, є лише 103 різних види атомів. Ці 103 різних атоми, відомі як хімічні елементи, є будівельними цеглинками, з яких складається весь матеріаль-ний світ.