- •Topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of death, bad health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications
- •Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •American English Idioms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during
- •Interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •15.3. Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •15.4. Guess and Intuition
- •15.5. To See a Speaker
- •15.6. Automatism of Synthesis
- •15.7. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.8. Interpretation Typology
- •15.9. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.10. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.11. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •Give English/Ukrainian interpretation on sight of the following trext: The Price of Progress
- •Give two-way interpretation of the following texts:
- •Topic 16: ability to hear as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
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11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
The interesting fact about most of these idioms is that they can easily be identified with the familiar parts of speech. Thus some idioms are clearly verbal in nature, such as get away with, get up, work out, and turn in. It’s appropriate here to speak about phrasal verbs. The postposition they acquire makes them idiomatic. An equally large number are nominal in nature. Thus hot dog and cool cat are nouns or noun groups. Many are “adjectives” (parts of speech in the function of adjective), as in pepper and salt meaning “black hair mixed with grey”. Many are adverbial, as the examples like the breeze “easily, without effort”, hammer and tongs “violently” (as in she ran after him hammer and tongs). These idioms which correlate with the familiar parts pf speech can be called lexemic idioms.
The other most important group of idioms is of larger size. Often these idioms are an entire clause in length: fly off the handle, “lose control over oneself”, and to blow one’s stack, “to become very angry”. Some of the most famous ones are: to kick the bucket “die”, to be up the creek “to be in a predicament or a dangerous position”, to be caught between the devil and deep blue sea “to have to choose between two equally unpleasant alternatives”, to seize the bull by the horns “to face the problem and deal with it squarely”. Idioms of this sort have been called tournures (from French), meaning “turns of phrases”, or simply phraseological idioms. What they have in common is that they do not readily correlate with a given grammatical part of speech and require a paraphrase longer than a word.
Their form is set and only a limited number of them can be said or written in any other way without destroying the meaning of the idiom. Many of them are completely rigid and cannot show up in any other form whatever. Consider the idiom kick the bucket, for example. In the Passive Voice, we get an unacceptable form such as the bucket has been kicked by the cowboy, which no longer means that the “cowboy died”. Rather it means that he struck a pail with his foot. Idioms of this type are regarded as completely frozen forms. Notice, however, that even this idiom can be inflected for tense, e.g., it is all right to say the cowboy kicked the bucket, the cowboy will kick the bucket; he has kicked the bucket, etc. Speakers disagree as much as do grammarians whether or not, for example, it is all right to use this idiom in the Gerund form in His kicking the bucket surprised us all. It is best to avoid this form.
The next largest class of idioms is that of well established sayings and proverbs. These include the famous types of don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched (meaning “do not celebrate the outcome of an undertaking prematurely because it is possible that you will fail in which case you will look ridiculous”); don’t wash your dirty linen in public (meaning “do not complain of your domestic affairs before strangers as it is none of their business”), and so forth. Many of these originate from some well known literary sources or come to us from the earliest English speakers in Great Britain and the North American Continent.
Lack of predictability of meaning (or precise meaning) is not the only criterion of idiomaticity. Set phrases or phraseological units are also idiomatic, even though their meanings may be transparent. What is idiomatic (unpredictable) about them is their construction. Examples include How about a drink? What do you say, Joe? (as a greeting); as a matter of fact, just in case, just to be on the safe side, and many more.
Another important case of idiomaticity is the one-word idiom that occurs when a word is used in a surprisingly different meaning from the original one. Examples include lemon, said of bad watches, cars, or machines in general; and dog, said of a bad date or a bad exam (My car is a lemon, my math exam was a dog).