- •Topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of death, bad health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications
- •Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •American English Idioms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during
- •Interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •15.3. Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •15.4. Guess and Intuition
- •15.5. To See a Speaker
- •15.6. Automatism of Synthesis
- •15.7. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.8. Interpretation Typology
- •15.9. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.10. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.11. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •Give English/Ukrainian interpretation on sight of the following trext: The Price of Progress
- •Give two-way interpretation of the following texts:
- •Topic 16: ability to hear as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
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15.5. To See a Speaker
Body language of a speaker helps to correctly and quickly point out the units of translation apart from the speech context. Therefore it is better to choose the place, which provides good visibility. Situation, in which the given activity is taking place (conference, meeting, talks, etc.), is taken into account as well. This implies understanding the matter through preliminary study of the topic, issues related with it, talking with organizers, participants of the meeting, etc. Interpretation is sometimes compared with improvisation on a specified topic – but this improvisation is well prepared, “rehearsed”.
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15.6. Automatism of Synthesis
Automatism of synthesis means that the choice of lexical-grammatical units of the target language is made within a minimum period on the basis of previous language units (context). Automatism of synthesis is not only knowing equivalents of the translation units, but the skill to quickly find a close (approximate) adequacy, correspondence, i.e. analogous unit. The last is especially important in translating into foreign language: one should be able to quickly replace a Ukrainian word or grammatical structure, that cannot be translated, by another Ukrainian word and structure (synonymy), preserving their main meaning and that can be translated directly.
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15.7. Complicated is Simpler
The ability to replace the word (grammatical construction) by synonymic elements, conveying their meaning in a simpler or descriptive way, is necessary in the process of interpretation, because when coming across the translation unit, which equivalent is unknown or escaped from memory), without finishing a statement, the interpreter (especially a beginner) stops, comes back to the beginning of the sentence, compares it with the text comprehended and then tries to find the way out of the situation. This painful search for the equivalent result in the loss of time and meaningless disjointed mumble.
If the analysis was carried out at a proper level and the interpreter learned the rules of transforming the complicated in the simpler but synonymous, then the text portion will be interpreted smoothly without visible effort and fluently.
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15.8. Interpretation Typology
Interpretation may be divided into two groups, unequal in meaning and importance: training interpretation (учбовий переклад) and real interpretation (реальний переклад). Below there is a classification of the aspects of interpretation activity in the sphere of oral translation
1. Training interpretation |
II. Real consecutive interpretation |
|
classroom |
real life |
|
↓ |
↓ |
↓ |
classes |
everyday (raw) |
professional |
seminars |
|
|
practice independent work ↓ |
Types of professional two-way and monologue interpretation by method of communication: |
|
Simultaneous interpretation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
↓ |
↓ |
Types of training interpretation and real type of interpretation by the result of communication
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communicative (at the level of understanding) (c.f. everyday);
-
idiomatic (at the level of unity and harmonious combination of form and content with adequacy more than 85%).
Explanation of the diagram:
1) Sphere of everyday interpretation: non-formal communication on everyday basis or in non-formal circumstances; way of interpretation: paragraph-phrase interpretation (абзацно-фразовий переклад), interpretation from the sheet (at sight – переклад з листа).
2) Sphere of professional interpretation: formal-official situations of two-way communication (summit talks, dialogues, meetings, etc.), formal situations of monologue speech (speeches, performances, statements, lectures, seminars, briefings, etc.) at the level of responsibility;
Ways of interpretation:
a) main ways – paragraph-phrase interpretation, two-way without making notes, two-way with making notes, half-synchronous and their variants depending on the communicational situation;
b) combined ways- interpretation from the sheet, cinema/video/TV-interpretation (cinema-video interpretation);
c) auxiliary ways – (summarization, translation of slides, lantern-slides, tables and diagrams, computer translation).
General types of training and real interpretation by the result: communicative (sufficient for understanding), idiomatic (adequate in form and style of presentation).