7. Look at this grammatical pattern and translate the expressions

Leisure time = свободного времени

Street traffic = уличное движение

Ozone hole = озоновая дыра

Ozone hole extension = расширение озоновой дыры

1. brick wall

2. wall bricks

3. story title

4. title story

5. sugar cane

6. cane sugar

7. interest rate

8. company management

9. consumer goods

10. consumer goods production

11. consumer goods production growth

12. consumer goods production growth rate

Lesson 2 passive voice

1. Examine carefully the way the sentences are transformed into the passive voice.

1. John attends the University classes daily.

2. The University classes are attended by John daily.

3. Now he is attending a lecture on history.

4. A lecture on history is being attended by him.

5. They constructed this plant last year.

6. This plant was constructed last year

7. She will invite him to her birthday party.

8. He will be invited to her birthday party.

9. John has taken his first exam.

10. The first exam has been taken by John successfully.

2. Now transform the following sentences into the passive voice.

1. John didn’t attend the lectures yesterday.

2. He has borrowed this book from the library.

3. He will return it in a week.

4. They are attending this lecture.

5. They produce high-quality shoes.

6. She usually buys expensive shoes.

7. This shop sells mass-produced cheap footwear.

8. He invented a new method of doing so.

9. They will buy new equipment for their factory.

10. They have already checked their translations.

11. We cannot translate this letter because we have no dictionary.

12. They must attend this meeting.

13. She will manage our department.

14. They will have appointed her by Monday.

3. Make sentences in the Passive Voice using these expressions.

13. To open the door

14. To close the window

15. To visit friends

16. To repair the flat

17. To take a taxi

18. To borrow books from the library

19. To see a new film

20. To buy a new car

21. To repair the car

22. To finish work

23. To attend lectures

4. Translate the text. Economic activity

Most people work to earn a living, and produce goods and services. Goods are either produced in the agricultural sector (like milk, vegetable, fruit) or manufactured at plants and factories (like pen, paper, and cars). Services are such things as education, medicine, and commerce. They are provided by people who are called employees. Some people provide goods, some provide services. Some other people provide both goods and services. For example, in the same garage a car can be bought or some service can be obtained in order to maintain this car or to repair it.

The work people do in exchange for payment is called economic activity. The economic system of a town, of a city, of a country, of the world is made up of all economic activities together of these respective communities. Countries differ in their economic activities. The work people undertake either provides them with what they need or provide the money with which they can buy essential commodities. Of course, most people hope to earn enough money to buy commodities and services, which are non-essential, but which provide some particular personal satisfaction, like books, visits to the cinema, trips, etc.

There are two extreme forms of economic arrangements of the economic activity: privately owned economy and State-owned one. The former is often called as ‘free market economy’; the latter is associated with the term ‘command economy’. This type of economy dominated in the former socialist countries. If complete freedom of economic activity is allowed this can create difficulties, because the freedoms of various individuals or individual companies often conflict. Laws have been created to regulate economic activity, and they are concerned with working conditions, worker’s health, wages, pensions, and location of places of work.

Even in the most dedicated free enterprise systems, such as the USA, a need for some degree of State control of the economy has been felt. Some developing countries are interested in control and log-term planning. Such countries as India have a number of plans to guide the economy. They are enacted by the government. Such systems where both private and public sectors coexist are often called as countries with mixed economy.