11. Elementary gerund.

1. ‘Cheaper’ money stimulates more borrowing and loan-financed purchases.

2. Instead of describing the behaviour of buyers and sellers in a single market, aggregate supply and demand curves summarize the market activity of the whole economy.

3. We came close to having zero inflation.

4. A decisive factor in choosing between imported and domestic goods is their relative price.

5. The many ways of inducing such shift in production will be examined later.

6. By distinguishing between short-run and long-run curves, competing economic theories achieve a standoff.

7. By not fully employing our labour force we are forsaking an annual flow of consumer goods FG in our graph.

8. This will hamper us in fulfilling our goals.

9. Before looking at the potential of economic policy we need a clear notion of what we mean by ‘full employment’.

10. There are reasons for believing that zero unemployment is neither possible nor desirable.

11 By altering relative prices, income and the real value of wealth, inflation turns out to be a mechanism for redistributing incomes.

12. Try explaining to the poor that the rich are in the same position.

12. Gerund clause.

1. Our failure to achieve full employment results from producers being unwilling to provide more goods at existing prices.

2. We cannot draw comfort from our being emulated by our competitors.

3. I still doubt of this measure being capable of resolving our problems.

4. President’s taking part in the Economic Forum will make it certain that a new programme will be unveiled.

5. There is no discernible evidence of their being successful in curbing inflation.

6. Our Party did not oppose to these measures being introduced to contain inflation.

7. We were surprised by tax reduction being considered as the main factor in stimulation of the output.

8. There is no excuse for so many people being out of work.

9. Consumers complain of its being too hard to rely on the information provided by the advertisers.

10. New countries joining the European Union is being resisted by a number of member countries.

11. Economic recovery won’t be achieved without industrialized countries helping us.

12. In this situation, the possibility of anyone’s losing his job is great.

13. The P.M. did not object to his proposal being called unusual.

14. This could lead to this tax being imposed in the near future.

15. The Government agreed to Mr. Jackson’s being chosen the head of the Commission.

16. There is no danger of the inflation rate rising.

17. This resulted in a primary concern being the problem of getting through the current crisis.

18. The analysts complained of its being too difficult to make estimates of the future output.

19. How free we are will depend on our being able to cooperate with the authorities.

20. According to H.Brenner, a prolonged 1-point increase in the national unemployment rate during the 70s resulted in there being 920 additional suicides, 648 homicides, 20,240 heart attacks or strokes, 4,337 admissions to mental hospitals and 3,340 admissions to state prisons.

13.

1. Due to being unbearable the measure was cancelled.

2. The bill came close to being approved.

3. On being scrutinized the plan was adopted.

4. The tax was reintroduced for another period without being properly discussed.

5. After being examined new import restrictions were introduced.

6. This scheme has no chance of being accepted.

7. The Government admits of being aware of the facts.

8. On being exposed to these ideas they accepted to consider their implementation.

9. The officials were looking without being able to influence the course of events.

10. The theory has the merit of being applicable to the whole range of the phenomena observed.

11. When these countries insist upon being given the designation of ‘underdeveloped’ countries they want to characterize themselves as needing development.

14.

1. Producers complain about there being no less than 40 different taxes to be paid.

2. The agreement having been fallen through may be regarded as a major setback.

3. The employees resent being forced into nonsensical labour.

4. Economic wisdom consists in more than being able to deliver lectures and draw charts.

5. Economic freedom means being undisturbed in commercial activity.

6. Because of being a redistributive factor, inflation increases social and economic tensions.

7. Keeping up with the competition is of primary concern for all of us.

8. This measure having been quickly approved by Parliament is certainly due to its being long overdue.

9. Not using all our available labour means that somebody is without a job.

10. There is danger of underdeveloped countries becoming addicted to economic assistance.

11. This information is basic for everyone’s having a clear and accurate picture of the economic problems.

12. Not paying taxes is unthinkable for them.

13. In spite of Government’s trying to contain inflation I wouldn’t rely on the promises given by it.

14. How competitive one is depends on one’s being able to adjust to the situation.

15. We made it for fear of being outwitted by our competitors.

16. In spite of having been carefully scrutinized the programme proved to be deficient in a number of issues.

17. Your being economically strong does not imply our being weak.

18. This distinction is the result of there being two independent interpretations of these economic data.

19. Spare us from having to hear these overoptimistic projects.

20. Will we benefit from being able to sell our product at a comparable price?

21. We were spared having to consider all these irrelevant data.

22. The possibility of anyone’s losing his job is great.

23. Microsoft confirmed having taken part in the talks.

24. He laid claim to having coined the term ‘stagflation’.

25. They maintain having rejected the offer.

26. Some managers enjoy being challenged.

27. I do not object to being called conservative.

28. Government fears being held responsible for this rate of inflation.

29. This criticism can lead to this tax being dropped.

30. It is totally unrelated to his being Chancellor of Exchequer.

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