9. Participle 1 in an independent clause.

1. The rate of inputs is determined by internal market forces, population, technology and institutional structure being among the major factors.

2. The demand for loans diminishing, interest rates tend to decline as well.

3. When prices and output are compatible with both buyers’ and sellers’ intentions, the situation may be called a unique one, this being known as macro equilibrium.

4. Many costs being relatively constant in the short run, higher prices for goods and services tend to widen profit margins.

5. The prices of imported goods rising, U.S. consumers tend to buy more American products.

6. The macro outcomes define our economic welfare, jobs, prices, taxes being dependent on them.

7. In the 1980s the U.S. inflation having doubled, your savings will buy no more than 50 percent of what they could before.

8. All students paying higher tuition, the university will take in more income.

9. Tuition hikes reducing the real income of students and their families, non-students are not hurt by such price increases.

10. Inflation and full employment are interrelated, the Phillips curve being an instrument describing this relationship.

10. All constructions with participle 1.

1. The resulting imbalances would alter prices and wages, inducing changes in market behavior.

2. Other consumers bear a lesser burden, depending on how fast the prices rise for the goods they enjoy.

3. Observing a social surrealism of wealth not earned and poverty that threatens, people sense that the hotshots of Wall Street make millions for themselves without earning this wealth.

4. In the 1980s the U.S. inflation rate averaged less than 5 percent, Argentina experiencing nearly 5,000 percent inflation rate, in 1989.

5. Nominal income is the amount of money you receive in a particular time period, real income being the purchasing power of that money.

6. Between 1921 and 1927 the stock market more than doubled, adding billions of dollars to the wealth of American households and businesses.

7. There are several ways of solving this problem, this one being less time-consuming than others.

8. Having discovered that their higher (nominal) wages don’t buy any additional goods people feel cheated.

9. State and local spending on goods and services fell, hitting the lowest level over the past decade.

10. Free trade being a prerequisite for economic development, all of the countries have to commit themselves for its respect.

11. Inflation acts just like a tax, taking income or wealth from some people and giving it to others.

12. Knowing the price of each kind of product, you could compute the average price of them.

13. Low taxes fostering economic growth, it is our obligation to reduce their number.

14. External debt of the underdeveloped countries having become an excessive burden, it will be only natural to cancel or, at least, reduce it.

15. This being the case, we have to accept the terms of the arrangement.

16. This being the case, the sellers withdrew their product from the market.

17. Our primary concern being to sign a trade agreement, we have to put other issues aside.

18. These high prices directly increased the cost of production, making producers less willing and able to supply goods at prevailing prices.

19. If a firm loses a lot of income, it may shut down, throwing more people out of work.

20. Not using all our available labour we deliberately leave a number of people without a job.