1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

GOLD LIGHTS

We receive natural light from the Sun, whose surface is heated to temperature of 10,832 °F. But visible light may be radiated by cold as well as by hot bodies.

Substances that transform a energy into light without becoming heat, are called luminofores, and the light they radiate — luminescence. There are many substance in nature that are capable of absorbing invisible ultraviolet rays and turning them into visible light. Luminescence can also arise from the energy created by fast-moving electric charges.

There exist two forms of luminofores. In one case the molecules themselves have the ability of transforming absorbed energy into visible light. This group includes certain components of oil, and many dyes and chemical compounds. The second group is made up of inorganic crystallized substances called phosphors including very small quantities of other substances.

Luminofores are widely used in modern technique, in particular, in the production of luminescence lamps a common feature of our everyday life. Luminescent lamps are made by coating the interior of glass tubes with a film of luminofore, the tubes being filled with mercury vapours and argon, and charged with electricity. The electric charge causes an invisible ultraviolet radiation from the mercury vapours while the luminofore on the inside of the tube absorbs rays and transforms them into powerful visible light. By using various luminofores one can make lamps of any color.

Luminescence is also used in television, a luminous screen being an important part of television picture tubes. Luminofores enable as also to discover and observe such radiations as ultrared, ultraviolet, x-ray, and alpha that are insible to the eye as well as fast-moving elementary particles, produced by radioactive desintegration or artificial transformation of the atomic nucleus.

The radiation produced under the influence of elementary particles plays an important part in the study of atomic problems. Various substances giving off radiations of specific spectral composition are used for making all kinds of analyses in biology, medicine, industry and agriculture. By observing the radiation of biological compounds, one can detect various diseases and trace their development.

A NEW APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF "GOLD LIGHT"

One of the most interesting and important data of converting one form of energy into another is that of turning power into light. The first and still the most widely used method of generating light which depends upon the phenomenon of incandescence. Another method of considerable practical importance is that of causing radiation by the passage of an electric current through gas or vapour. The third method of converting into light is called electroluminescence.

When certain material are placed in an electric field under proper conditions, they emit light directly under the influence of the electric Held. This constitutes the phenomenon of electroluminescence.Since this is a direct transformation of electrical energy into light, a new field of study is revealed which offers great possibilities from both theoretical and practical points of view.

COMPUTER

Computers are well known to represent a completely new brand of science, the first of them having appeared less than 60 years ago. Although still new, these machines are already bringing about a real revolution in science, technology, statistics and automatic control.

The reason for this is in the fact that a mathematical formula can be found for almost of all scientific and technical problems. They can be solved without a computer but it would require millions of arithmetical operations. No wonder that many problems of exceptional importance remained unsolved for a long time, the volume of the calculations required being above human possibilities.

Electronic computer with a high speed can carry out several thousand arithmetical operations in one second. A calculation, which would have taken several years of intense human work in the past, is now done in a few minutes or hours.

A number of various complicated problems have already been solved with the help of computers.

The principle of this wonderful machine lies in counting electric impulses. Numbers are represented as a sequence of such impulses, and a radio-technical scheme counts them carrying out addition, subtraction, multiplication and division all higher mathematical calculations being reduced to these four operations.

If we introduce into the scheme first one number and then another, the result will yield the sum of these two numbers. Substraction is reduced to the addition of negative numbers. Multiplication is done by repeated addition the necessary number of times, a division — by repeated subtraction.

Electronic machines work according to a programme prepared in advance, which determines the sequence of operations. They have a very efficient electronic "memory" which stores the initial date, the intermediate numbers and final results as well as working commands given to the machine.

The electronic machine can also be used for controlling automatic production. Signals given by measuring instruments and controlling devices into the machine send the necessary commands to the control panel according to the programme.

This machine can also be used to make translations from one language into another by converting words into figures and vice versa.

All the instruments invented up to now have served to save man's labor. But it is electronic computers the importance of which cannot be underestimated, that come to the help of the human brain, thus opening boundless possibilities.

SOLAR ENERGY

Our Sun, although it is not the largest star in our universe, is a gigantic body. If we make a non-stop flight around it in an airplane at a speed of about 300 km per hour, it will require 565 days to go around it at the equator. The diameter of the Sun is 1,391,000 km, that is, 19 times that of the Earth. The Sun has a surface temperature of about 6,000 °C.

Modern research into the atom indicated that under certain conditions the matter itself may be transformed into energy. It is now thought that the source of the sun's energy result from nuclear fissions and is practically unlimited.

Man has used and is still using solar energy through photo­synthesis as one of his sources of heat and power. Another way to use solar energy is in the solar machines, still another is the use of solar heat for cooking and house heating. The future will undoubtedly bring us a lot of new applications of solar energy.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские словосочетания:

   1. fragment of rock;

   2. centre of gravity;

   3. special shape;

   4. a constant telescope;

   5. ammonia gas;

   6. the famous Martian Canals;

   7. scientific forum;

   8. gigantic Tungus explosion;

   9. civilized communities;

   10. picture tubes.

2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

   1. климатические условия;

   2. пары ртути и аргона;

   3. превращать энергию в свет;

   4. невидимые ультрафиолетовые лучи;

   5. видимый свет;

   6. химические соединения;

   7. неорганические вещества;

   8. заряженный электричеством;

   9. оптические приборы;

   10. новая отрасль науки.

2. Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся, и переведите их на русский язык:

1. complete;

2. mathematics;

3. to substract;

4. to introduce;

5. wonder;

6. bound;

7. important;

8. to estimate;

9. doubt;

10. to apply.

5.Задайте к выделенному в тексте предложению все типы вопросов (общий, альтернативный, разделительный, специальный: а) к подлежащему; б) к второстепенному члену предложения).

6.Выполните анализ данных предложений, обратив внимание на следующие грамматические явления: времена группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future Active& Passive); глаголы to be, to have; конструкция there is, there are; все типы вопросов; степени сравнения прилагательных; модальные глаголы:

1.We receive natural light from the Sun, whose surface is heated to temperature of 10,832 °F.

2.But visible light may be radiated by cold as well as by hot bodies.

3. Luminescence can also arise from the energy created by fast-moving electric charges.

4. Luminofores are widely used in modern technique, in particular, in the production of luminescence lamps a common feature of our everyday life.

5. By using various luminofores one can make lamps of any color.

6.One of the most interesting and important data of converting one form of energy into another is that of turning power into light.

7. One of the most interesting and important data of converting one form of energy into another is that of turning power into light.

7.Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1.What substances are called luminofores?

2.How many forms of luminofores do exist?

3.Where are luminofores widely used?

4.When did the first computers appear?

5.What can an electronic computer do?

6.What is the Sun?

7.What is a surface temperature of the Sun?

8. Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2 – 3 предложения).

9. Составьте реферат текста (10 – 15 предложений).

10. Составьте план текста и перескажите текст.

Вариант 4