11.8 Answer the following questions.

Where is Africa situated?

What oceans and seas wash the coasts of Africa?

Where is the boundary between North Africa and the rest of the continent lie?

How were the trenches formed?

What are the largest rivers and lakes of Africa?

What factors affect the climate of the continent?

What mineral resources are found in Africa?

11.9 Text for written translation

Africa’s overall population density is low by world’s standards, because much of its vast desert area is uninhabitable; the population per unit of arable land, however, its near the world average. Wide variations in density occur from country to country and within countries. Africa’s effort to achieve sustained economic growth have been plagued by the region’s very high fertility level. The continent is a developing region with all the associated demographic and social problems. It is estimated that the continent’s annual rate of population growth is about 3 per cent, the highest of any continent and several times higher than Africa’s real economic growth. Birth and death rates, the major factor in population growth, vary widely from region to region. Southern Africa, for example, has the lowest crude birth rate and the lowest rate of growth and western Africa has the highest birth rate.

The peoples inhabiting Africa probably speak more separate and distinct languages (800 to 1,000) than those of any other continent. The most homogeneous region, in terms of language, is North Africa, where Arabic is predominant. The languages spoken by the Sub-Saharan peoples are known collectively as Bantu. The forest-dwelling Pygmies, inhabiting various parts of central Africa, form a distinctive ethnic and cultural group but have no distinctive language of their own. In southernmost parts of the continent, people of European descent are found. Dutch migrations began in the 17 th century. The English first settled in what is now Zambia, Zimbabwe, and the East African Highlands in the 19 th century. The Portuguese settled in Angola and Mozambique, while Germans settled in what is now Namibia.

11.10 Make up all possible types of questions to the text 11.9

11.11 Speak on:

1. geography of Africa 4. population;

1. 2. flora, fauna, climate 5. African deserts

2. 3. mineral resources and industry

11.12 Get ready to speak about any African country you like (see Lesson 9, ex. 9.12)

12 Lesson 12 North America

12.1 Words and word combinations to the text

adjacent islands – близлежащие острова

isthmus – перешеек

inverted triangle – перевёрнутый треугольник

ancient rocks – древние породы

to encircle – окружать

prairie –прерия

tributary – приток

mammal – млекопитающие

musk ox – овцебык

caribou – карибу, северный олень

preyed on by … – служить добычей для …

seal – тюлень

moose – американский лось

wolverine – росомаха

songbird – певчая птица

biome – биом (совокупность различных групп организмов и среды обитания в определённой географической зоне)

woodland bison – лесной бизон

marten – куница

wild turkey – дикий индюк

insects – насекомые

coyote – койот

bob cat – рыжая рысь

skunk – полосатый скунс

jack rabbit – заяц