Lesson 6

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

PART I

Industry organization

The printing industry includes establishments primarily engaged in printing text and images on to paper, metal, glass, and some apparel and other materials. Printing can be divided into three distinct stages: prepress, the preparation of materials for printing; press or output, the actual printing process; and postpress or finishing, the folding, binding, and trimming of printed sheets into their final form. Companies that provide all three services first prepare the material for printing in the prepress department, then produce the pages on the pressroom floor, and finally trim, bind, or otherwise ready the material for distribution in the postpress department.

The printing industry is broken into 12 segments that generally reflect the major type of printing method that is used at the establishment or product that is produced. Establishments that use printing plates, or some other form of image carrier, to distribute ink to paper, are broken into five industry segments: lithography, flexography, gravure, screen printing and letterpress. Lithography, which uses the basic principle that water repels oil, is the most widely used printing process in the industry. Lithography lends itself to computer composition and the economical use of color, which accounts for its dominance. Commercial lithographic printing establishments make up the largest segment of the industry, accounting for about 39 percent of employment and about 30 percent of total establishments. Although most newspapers use the lithographic process, their printing activities are not included in this industry, but rather in the publishing industry. Flexography uses printing plates made of rubber or plastic. It is a high-speed process that uses fast-drying inks and can be used on a variety of materials, qualities valued for labels, shopping bags, milk cartons, and corrugated boxes. Gravure's high-quality reproduction, flexible pagination and formats, and consistent print quality have won it a significant share of packaging and product printing and a growing share of periodical printing. Screen printing prints designs on clothes and other fabric items, such as hats and napkins. Where letterpress is still used, it prints images from the raised surfaces on which ink sits. The raised surfaces are generated by means of casting, acid etching, or photoemulsion.

Vocabulary notes:

1. prepress – приготування до друкування

2. postpress – оздоблювальні роботи

3. folding – переплетіння

4. trimming – обрізування

5. printing plate –форма для друкування

6. repel –відштовхувати

7. account for – пояснювати, свідчити

8. pagination – нумерація сторінок

9. screen printing – трафаретне друкування

10. letter press – високе друкування

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. What does the printing industry include?

2. What stages is printing divided into?

3. How many segments is the printing industry?

4. What segments are establishments broken into?

5. What is the most widely used process in the industry?

6. What makes up the largest segment of the printing industry?

7. What industry is printing of newspapers included into?

8. What printing plates does flexography use?

9. What process is flexography?

10. Where does screen printing print designs on?

11. What are the raised surfaces generated by?

Exercise 3. Find in the text the English for:

Підготовка матеріалів до друку; процес друкування; оздоблювальні роботи; фальцовка; переплетіння; обрізування; підготувати матеріал до друку; поліграфічна промисловість; друкувальна форма; гнучка нумерація сторінок; екрановане друкування; високоякісне відтворення гравюри.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian.

To print images; prepare the material for printing; prepress department; material ready for distribution; postpress; printing plates; computer composition; economical use of colour; to account for; to print designs on colours; raised surfaces; printing activities.

Exercise 5. Give the four forms of the verbs:

to include to grow

to produce to generate

to design to sell

to spend to serve

to learn to make

Exercise 6. Write T (True) or F (False) next to each sentence.

1. Companies that provide printing first produce the pages on the pressroom floor.

2. Screen printing prints designs on clothes and other fabric items.

3. Flexography uses printing plates made of iron.

4. Lithography is the most widely used printing process in the industry.

5. Printing activities of the newspapers are included in lithographic industry.

6. Printing can be divided into three stages.

Exercise 7. Complete the following sentences:

1. Lithography is the most widely used …

2. Printing can be divided into …

3. The printing industry is broken into …

4. Printed companies first prepare the material …

5. Lithography lends itself to …

6. Commercial lithographic printing establishments make up …

Exercise 8. Join the broken sentences.

Printing can be devided Although newspapers use the lithographic process The raised surfaces are generated Screen printing Flexography uses Establishments that use printing plates are broken

b means of casting, acid etching or photoemulsion. pinting plates made of subber or plastic. ito five industry segments. ito three distinct stages. pints designs on clothes and other fabric items. teir printing activities are not included in lithographic industry.

Exercise 9. Put the sentences in the right order.

1. The raised surfaces are generated by means of casting, acid etching, or photoemulsion.

2. Flexography used printing plates made of rubber or plastic.

3. Screen printing prints designs on clothes and other fabric items.

4. It is a high-speed process that use fast-drying inks.

5. Where letterpress is stile used, it printings images from the raised surfaces on which ink sits.

6. The printing industry includes establishments primarily engaged in printing text and images on to paper, metal, glass and other materials.

7. Printing can be devided into three distinct stages: prepress, press and postpress.

8. The printing industry is broken into 12 segments.

Exercise 10. Complete the sentences with suitable prepositions.

1. Printing can be divided … three distinct stages.

2. Companies first prepare the materials … printing … the prepress department.

3. Lithography lends itself … computer composition.

4. Screen printing print designs … clothes and other fabric items.

5. Flexography uses printing plates made … rubber or plastic.

6. Commercial lithographic printing establishments make … the largest segment of the industry.

7. The raised surfaces are generated … means … casting, acid etching or photoemultion.

8. Lithography is the most widely used printing process … the industry.

Exercise 11. Find pairs of words.

printing produced basic printed widely lithographic screen

sheet principle used process printing industry product

Exercise 12. Find pairs of synonyms.

include primarily distinct total company basic

firm separate originally consist of whole main

Exercise 13. Find pairs of opposites.

plateless advanced shot quick low volume wide

old high volume slow long plate marrow

Exercise 14. Fit the meaning and the words.

Engage; pressure; reflect; provide; dominant; flexible

1. throw back (light, heat, sound)

2. give, supply (what is needed or useful)

3. easily bent without breaking

4. take part in

5. having control or authority

6. force on or against something

Exercise 15. Complete the following sentences:

1. printing can be devided into …

2. Lithography is … .It lends itself to …

3. Commercial lithographic printing establishments make up …

4. Flexography uses …

5. Screen printing prints on clothes and …

6. The raised surfaces are generated by means …

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.