Vocabulary notes:

1. relief printing – високий друк

2. to carve – вирізати

3. xylography – ксилографія

4. priesthood – духовенство

5. photogravure –фотогравюра

6. offset – офсетний

7. typesetting equipment – набірне обладнання

8. movable type –розбірний шрифт

9. pressureless printing – безконтактний друк

10. to conceive – зачинати, задумувати

11. composition –набір

12. reprography –репрографія

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. Where and when was relief printing created?

2. What process of printing was developed in China?

3. When was paper invented?

4. How was the fist process of printing developing in the 8^th century?

5. What changes had taken place in printing by the 11^th century in China?

6. What method of printing was used in Europe in 1400s?

7. What book was the fist typeset book in Europe?

8. What was the result of production Europe’s fist typist book – the Gutenberg Bible? How did printers improve their methods and equipment?

9. What advances in printing technology were made in 1796 by Aloysius Seinfelder?

10. What discovery was made by Joseph – Nicephore Niepce in 1820s?

11. What innovations were made in 1950s with the invention of the offset technique?

12. What technique gave birth to xerography?

Exercise 3. Find in the text the English for:

Відтискати; дерев’яна друкувальна форма; створювати; розбірний шрифт; швидко розповсюджуватись; перша набірна книга; бути доступним; швидкість друкування; замінювати; недорогі засоби друку; підвищити швидкість та якість друкування; фотонабірне обладнання; безконтактний друк.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian.

Printed books; to print with paper; single carved wooden blocks; literary rate; invention of paper; available to; printing speed; to reproduce images; offset technique; mass production; inventor; reproduce documents.

Exercise 5. Give the four forms of the verbs:

to print to reproduce

to read to reach

to lead to rise

to give to drive

to develop to cut

Exercise 6. Write T (True) or F (False) next to each sentence.

1. Relief printing was used in Asia.

2. In the 8^th century paper was invented.

3. By 1450 the literacy rate was pour in Europe.

4. Xylography was the only printing method in 1400s.

5. Gutenberg developed the technique of lithography.

6. The offset technique was invented in France.

7. Electrostatic printing was invented in America.

Exercise 7. Join the broken sentences.

Designs or inscriptions were carved Relief printing has been known China was the first country Printers invented sturdy metal presses Many of today’s computerized typesetting machines can set The various processes which duplicate documents

in the Middle East. to replace the common wooden press. 1000 individual letters or symbols. to print with paper, ink and carved wooden brocks. into stone or cast into metal. are called reprography.

Exercise 8. Put the sentences in the right order.

1. Inventors also created pressurless printing.

2. Relief printing has been known for thousand years in the Middle East.

3. Automated composition gave way to programmed composition in 1950s.

4. Xylography was the fist printing method used in Europe in 1400s.

5. Not all advances in printing technology came from printers or designers and manufacturers.

6. Phototypesetting equipment of the future could conceivably reach speed of nearly 3000 characters per second.

7. As the demand for printed books steadily increased, prints had to improve their methods and equipment.

8. Gutenberg’s process spread quickly to other European nations.

Exercise 9. Find pairs of words.

relief mechanical individual smooth, flexible phototypesetting pressureless wooden

means characters printing blocks equipment printing surface

Exercise 10. Fit the meaning and the words.

Stamp; inscription; invent; movable; spread; advance

7. words cut on a stone;

8. create or design something not existing before;

9. that can be taken from place to place;

10. become more widely extended or distributed;

11. piece of printed paper stuck on envelopes;

12. forward movement; progress.

Exercise 11. Find pairs of synonyms.

reproduce soft image demand carve constant

cut requirement multiply character steady mild

Exercise 12. Find pairs of opposites.

rise type sensitive beginning reduce create

rough end face raise destroy write

Exercise 13. Complete the sentences with suitable prepositions.

1. China was the fist country … print … paper and ink.

2. Paper was invented … China … the 8^th century AD.

3. In xylography a single carved wooden block … text was used … print impressions … whole pages.

4. Gutenberg’s process spead quickly … other European nations.

5. Not all advances … printing technology came … printers or designers and manufacturers.

6. Pressureless printing eliminated the need … a printing press.

7. Phototypesetting equipment … the future could reach speeds … nearly 3000 character … second.

8. Electrostatic printing gave birth … xerography and copying machines.

Exercise 14. Complete the following sentences:

1. Designs or inscriptions were carved into stone or …

2. The innovation of paper in China in the 8^th century AD…

3. Xylography was the first …

4. Gutenberg’s process spread quickly …

5. The literacy rate gradually rose …

6. Sturdy metal presses replaced …

7. A French inventor discovered that certain chemical compounds were …

8. Pressureless printing eliminated …