Vocabulary notes.

1. letterpress – високий друк

2. to cast – виливати, лити

3. a slug – рядок, відлитий на лінотипі

4. caster – ливарна машина

5. electroplating bath– ванна для нанесення гальванічного покриття

6. a mould – форма, шаблон, матриця

7. to ink – вкривати фарбою друкарську форму

8. platen press – прес валіком

9. web fed printing press – рулонна друкарська машина

10. sheet fed printing press – листова друкарська машина

11. flat – плаский

12. impression – тиснення, відбиток

13. plate cylinder – формний циліндр

14. impression cylinder – друкарський циліндр

Exercise 2. Answer the questions:

1. What is “letterpress” or “relief printing”?

2. Why did casts wear down so quickly?

3. What two methods are used to make more durable plates?

4. What kind of plates have been developed in more recent years?

5. Does letterpress printing use two designs of printing press?

6. What are platen presses used for?

7. What do they consist of ?

8. Was the printing on early presses a slow process? Why?

9. When were the improvements made to increase printing speed?

10. What helped to overcome the problem of uneven impression on the paper surface?

11. What happens after the paper is printed?

12. What presses were responsible for the growth of newspapers in the 19^th century?

Exercise 3. Find in the text the English for:

відливок; винаходити; вкривати фарбою друкарську форму; гумові та пластикові печатні форми; прес валіком; ванна для нанесення гальванічного покриття; довговічний; рулонна подача паперу; величезний; поверхня; листова друкарська машина; зображення.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian.

To wear down; a mould; to coat; automatic inking; to transfer the image a screw; improvements; to overcome the problem; platen press; uneven impression; simultaneously; to be responsible for; a continuous roll of paper.

Exercise 5. Write T(True) or F(False) next to each sentence.

1. Monotype machines set entire lines in a single slug.

2. Electrotyping uses an electrotyping process to create printing plates.

3. Copper is poured into the mould to create the cast plate.

4. In web fed presses, individual sheets of paper are fed into the press.

5. Paper is laid on the bed and pressed by the platen to transfer the image to the surface.

6. Platen presses are used for small printing jobs.

7. Printing on rotary presses is a slow process.

Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with suitable preposition.

For, of (2), upon, by(3), on, over, up, through

1. A copper shell, or casting, is built _____ in the shape of the original type.

2. Rotary drum printing was invented_____ Richard March Hoe, and then improved _____William Bullock.

3. Paper is laid _____ the bed and pressed _____the platen to transfer the image to the surface.

4. When a final text is agreed _____, the next phase is design.

5. Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using the technique ____ offset lithography.

6. Across the world, _____ 45 trillion pages are printed annually.

7. Flexible rubber instead _____ glass or metal plates is used on web presses _____ relief printing.

8. In web fed presses, a continuous roll of paper is fed_____ the press.

Exercise 7. Find pairs of opposites.

1. expensive a. late

2. slow b. to destroy

3. light c. detailed

4. minority d. uneven

5. to create e. majority

6. early f. heavy

7. even g. quickly

8. general h. cheap

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences:

1. The soft metal casts tended … .

2. A means of making more durable plates… .

3. Molten metal is then poured into … .

4. In web fed presses, a continuous roll of paper … .

5. Paper is laid on the bed and … .

6. Lighter and less expensive plates of rubber … .

Exercise 9. Join the broken sentences.

Platen presses	electrotyping and stereotyping.
In sheet fed presses individual sheets of paper	to print on both sides of the paper simultaneously.
A copper shell is built up	are used for small printing job.
Two of the most common methods are	are fed into the press.
Flatbed and rotary presses can be designed	in the shape of the original type.

Exercise 10. Fit the meaning and the word.

To cast, job, fresh, newspaper, mould, illustration, to improve, sheet

1. a piece of paper on which to write;

2. a daily or weekly publication of news on large sheets of paper folded but not fixed together;

3. to make something better;

4. to form by pouring metal into a mould and letting it harden;

5. newly made;

6. a hollow form for giving a particular shape to a liquid;

7. work which a person does regularly to earn his living;

8. something that illustrates; a picture or drawing.