Lesson 3

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Intaglio.

In intaglio printing, the text or image to be reproduced is not raised above the plate's surface, as in the letterpress method, but is engraved or etched into the plate. Ink applied to the surface fills these depressions, then plate and paper are pressed together. The paper is actually forced into the ink-filled depressions to transfer an image to the paper.

Intaglio printing often uses highly polished copper plates on which a design has been engraved with sharp steel or diamond-tipped tools. These methods date back to about 1440 in Germany and Italy and were used by Albrecht Durer and other artists of the 1500s. In some instances, the copper plates can be coated with an acid-resistant substance and a design traced on the surface with a fine-pointed tool that exposes the copper. The plate is then placed in an acid bath so that the lines of exposed copper are chemically etched by the acid into the plate's surface. When the acid-resistant substance is cleaned off, the plate can be used to print etchings. Since copper wears quickly when subjected to great pressure, in some cases steel plates are used to make a large number of prints.

Traditional intaglio plate making had to be done by a skilled artist or draftsman and was a slow process. In the early 1880s, a photographic process was invented that came to be known as photogravure. The image to be printed is photographed through a screen, breaking the image into a series of small dots. The screened image is transferred to a special carbon-coated tissue that is mounted on a coated plate. When the paper is peeled off, the carbon dots remain on the plate, allowing the image to be burned into the plate in an acid bath. The deeper the dots are etched, the more ink they hold, and the darker the image.

Photogravure can be used on platen, flatbed, or rotary presses. When rotary web fed presses are used, the process is called rotogravure. The advantage of this process is that it allows a greater density of pigment per unit area than any other method of printing. Multiunit rotogravure presses can produce one- to four-colour images at high speed and today are used mainly for high-volume magazine production and by the packaging industry.

Vocabulary notes:

6. Intaglio – глибокий друк

7. tool – різець

8. a print – відтиск

9. to engrave – гравіювати

10. depression – заглибина

11. to force into – удавлювати, утискувати

12. to polish – полірувати, шліфувати

13. diamond-tipped tool – різець з алмазним наконечником

14. to trace on – копіювати, намічати, простежувати, креслити

15. acid-resistant – кислостійкий

16. etching – протравлення

17. a draftsman – кресляр

18. photogravure – глибокий друк, геліогравюра

19. carbon tissue – пігментний папір, копіювальний папір

20. to peel – відшаровувати, обдирати, сходити, очищати

21. rotogravure – ротаційний глибокий друк

22. to expose – піддавати дії, показувати, викривати, копіювати.

23. design – проект, малюнок, візерунок, креслення, ескіз, розробка

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What is the difference between intaglio printing and letterpress printing?

2. What is the paper forced into to transfer an image to the paper?

3. What can the copper plates be coated with?

4. What tools are used to engrave a design?

5. When can the plate be used to print etchings?

6. Why are steel plates used to make a large number of prints?

7. Who did traditional intaglio plates?

8. When was a photographic process invented?

9. Where is a special carbon-coated tissue mounted on?

10. What is the advantage of rotogravure?

11. What presses are used mainly for high-volume magazine production?

Exercise 3. Find in the text the English for:

Підніматися над; шліфувати; відтиск; великомасштабне виробництво; зазнавати великого тиску; покриватись чимось; кислостійка речовина; досвідчений художник; в деяких випадках; протравлення; пакувальне виробництво; заглибина; утримувати; щільність; ротаційний глибокий друк.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian.

Ink-filled depression; highly polished copper plate; an acid bath; to clean off; to be mounted on; to invent; great pressure; to break the image; advantage; a design; density of pigment; four-colour image; a flatbed press; a multiunit rotogravure press; a sharp steel tool.

Exercise 5. Give four forms of the verbs:

to burn

to allow

to fill

to hold

to coat

to break

to mount

to know

to do

to force

to raise

to etch

Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences:

1. The paper is actually forced into the ink-filled depression … .

2. Sharp steel or diamond-tipped tools are used to … on polished copper plates.

3. Albrecht Durer and other artisti of the 1500s used … .

4. The image is photographed through a screen, breaking the image into … .

5. The carbon dots remain on the plate when … .

6. … the more ink they hold, the darker is the image.

7. In the process of rotogravure … are used.

Exercise 7. Goin the broken sentences:

When rotary web fed presses are used, Printing on early presses was a slow process, In intaglio printing, the text or image The plate can be used to print etchings Illustrations can be read by an optical scanner and Rotogravure allows a greater density of pigment per unit area than The name offset refers to the fact that

any other method of printing. when the acid-resistant substance is cleaned off. since the paper had to be fed one sheet at a time into the press. the process is called rotogravure. the printing plates do not come into direct contact with the paper. is engraved or etched into the plate. entered into the computer in the form of electronic signals.

Exercise 8. Write T (True) or F (False) next to each sentence.

1. In the letterpress method the text or image is not raised above the plate’s surface.

2. Steel plates are used to make a large number of prints because copper wears quickly when subjected to great pressure.

3. When the acid-resistant substance is cleaned off, the plate can be used to print etchings.

4. The deeper the dots are etched, the less ink they hold, and the darker is the image.

5. The image to be printed is photographed through a screen, breaking the image into a series of small dots.

6. The advantage of photogravure is that it allows a greater density of pigment per unit area than any other method of printing.

7. Multiunit rotogravure presses are used mainly for high-volume magazine production.

Exercise 9. Fit the meaning and the word.

Substance, advantage, to date, tissue, to engrave, pigment, acid.

1. a dry substance that when mixed in liquid becomes a paint or dye;

2. a circumstance favorable to success;

3. the physical matter that makes up some thing, object, etc.;

4. a chemical substance that when strong enough can burn holes in what it touches;

5. to cut (letters, designs, etc.) into a hard surface, as of metal or wood;

6. to belong to a particular period;

7. soft paper used for various purposes.

Exercise 10. Find pairs of words.

1. unpublished

2. optical

3. fine-pointed

4. rubber

5. carbon-coated

6. technological

7. oil-based

8. letterpress

1. tissue

2. innovations

3. scanner

4. ink

5. works

6. tool

7. printing

8. blanket

Exercise 11. Complete the sentences with suitable preposition.

On, with, of (2), into, off, above, through, down.

1. A continuous roll of paper is fed ____ the press.

2. In intaglio printing, the text or image to be reproduced is not raised ____ the plate’s surface.

3. The soft metal casts tended to wear ____ quickly in the printing process and had to be replaced ____ fresh type.

4. Photogravure allows a greater density ____ pigment per unit area than any other method ____ printing.

5. A design traced ____ the surface with a fine-pointed tool that exposes the copper.

6. Molten metal is then poured ____ the mould to create the cast plate.

7. One need only brush ____ surrounding powder after the printing process.