ix
Abbreviations
pprimary
ssecondary
+ve |
positive |
–ve |
negative |
A&E |
Accident and Emergency |
AA |
Alcoholics Anonymous |
AAT |
aspartate aminotransferase |
ABC |
airway, breathing, and circulation |
ABG |
arterial blood gases |
AC |
abdominal circumference |
ACE |
angiotensin converting enzyme |
ACEI |
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor |
ACL |
anticardiolipin |
ACTH |
adrenocorticotrophic hormone |
ADH |
antidiuretic hormone |
AEDF |
absent end diastolic flow |
AF |
atrial fibrillation |
AFE |
amniotic fluid embolism |
AFI |
amniotic fluid index |
AFLP |
acute fatty liver of pregnancy |
AFP |
alpha-fetoprotein |
AIN |
peri-anal intraepithelial neoplasia |
AIS |
androgen insensitivity syndrome |
AJCC |
American Joint Committee on Cancer |
ALP |
alkaline phosphatase |
ALT |
alanine transaminase |
AMH |
antimüllerian hormone |
AN |
antenatal |
ANA |
antinuclear antibody |
APH |
antepartum haemorrhage |
xABBREVIATIONS
APR |
Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry |
APS |
antiphospholipid syndrome |
APTT |
activated partial thromboplastin time |
ARDS |
adult respiratory distress syndrome |
AREDF |
absent/reversed end diastolic flow |
ARM |
artificial rupture of membranes |
ART |
assisted reproductive technologies |
ASD |
atrial septal defect |
ASIS |
anterior superior iliac spines |
AST |
aspartate amniotransferase |
AVM |
arteriovenous malformation |
AWE |
aceto-white epithelium |
AXR |
abdominal X-ray |
BCE |
Bacillus Calmette–Guerin |
bd |
twice daily |
BEP |
bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin |
BFHI |
Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative |
BM |
blood sugar monitoring |
BMD |
bone mineral density |
BMI |
body mass index |
BOTS |
Borderline Ovarian Tumour Study |
BP |
blood pressure |
BPD |
biparietal diameter |
BRCA |
breast cancer gene |
BSO |
bilateral salpingo-oophrectomy |
BV |
bacterial vaginosis |
CA125 |
cancer antigen 125 |
CAH |
congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
CAIS |
complete androgen insensitivity syndrome |
cART |
combination antiretroviral therapy |
CBAVD |
congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens |
CBT |
cognitive-behavioural therapy |
CCAM |
congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation |
CCT |
controlled cord traction |
|
ABBREVIATIONS |
xi |
CEA |
carcinoembryonic antigen |
|
CEMACH |
Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health |
|
CEMD |
Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths |
|
CESDI |
Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths in Infancy |
|
CF |
cystic fibrosis |
|
CFTR |
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulation |
|
cGIN |
cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia |
|
CHD |
congenital heart disease |
|
CIN |
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia |
|
CL |
corpus luteum |
|
CMACE |
Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries |
|
CMV |
cytomegalovirus |
|
CNS |
central nervous sytem |
|
CNST |
Clinical Negligence Scheme for Trusts |
|
COCP |
combined oral contraceptive pill |
|
CP |
cerebral palsy |
|
CPP |
chronic pelvic pain |
|
CPR |
cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
|
CrHD |
coronary heart disease |
|
CRL |
crown–rump length |
|
CRP |
C-reactive protein |
|
CS |
Caesarean section |
|
CSE |
combined spinal epidural |
|
CSF |
cerebrospinal fluid |
|
CT |
computed tomography |
|
CTG |
cardiotocography |
|
CV |
cyclophosphamide and vincristine |
|
CVA |
cerebrovascular accident |
|
CVD |
cardiovascular disease |
|
CVP |
central venous pressure |
|
CVS |
chorionic villus sampling |
|
CXR |
chest X-ray |
|
DCDA |
dichorionic, diamniotic |
|
DES |
diethylstilbestrol |
|
xii ABBREVIATIONS
DH |
Department of Health |
DHEAS |
dehydroepiand osterone sulphate |
DIC |
disseminated intravascular coagulation |
DO |
detrusor overactivity |
DOA |
direct occipito-anterior |
DOL |
direct occipito-lateral |
dRVVT |
Dilute Russell Viper Venom Test |
DSD |
disorders of sex development |
DUB |
dysfunctional uterine bleeding |
DVT |
deep vein thrombosis |
EAS |
external anal sphincter |
EBRT |
external beam radiotherapy |
EBV |
Epstein–Barr virus |
EC |
emergency contraception |
ECG |
electrocardiograph |
ECOG |
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group |
ECT |
electroconvulsive therapy |
ECV |
external cephalic version |
ED |
erectile dysfunction |
EDD |
expected date of delivery |
EFM |
electronic fetal monitoring |
EFW |
estimated fetal weight |
EGFR |
epidermal growth factor receptor |
EIA |
enzyme immunoassay |
EL |
elevated liver enzymes |
EMA |
etoposide, methotrexate, and dactinomycin |
EOC |
epithelial ovarian cancer |
EP |
ectopic pregnancy |
EPAU |
early pregnancy assessment unit |
EPDS |
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale |
EPU |
early pregnancy unit |
ERCP |
endoscopic reterograde cholangio-pancreatography |
ERPC |
evacuation of retained products of conception |
|
ABBREVIATIONS |
xiii |
ESR |
erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
|
ET |
endometrial thickness |
|
ETT |
endotracheal tube |
|
EUA |
examination under anaesthetic |
|
FBC |
full blood count |
|
FDA |
Food and Drug Administration |
|
FDP |
fibrin degradation product |
|
FETO |
fetoscopic tracheal occlusion |
|
FEV1 |
forced expiratory volume in 1s |
|
FFN |
fetal fibronectin |
|
FFP |
fresh frozen plasma |
|
FGM |
female genital mutilation |
|
FH |
fetal heart |
|
FHR |
fetal heart rate |
|
FIGO |
International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |
|
FISH |
fluorescent in situ hybridization |
|
FL |
femur length |
|
FM |
fetal movement |
|
FPR |
false positive rate |
|
FSD |
female sexual dysfunction |
|
FSE |
fetal scalp electrode |
|
FSH |
follicle-stimulating hormone |
|
FU |
5-Fluorouracil |
|
FVS |
fetal varicella syndrome |
|
GA |
general anaesthesia |
|
GAS |
group A streptococcus |
|
GBS |
group B streptococcus |
|
GCSF |
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor |
|
GDM |
gestational diabetes mellitus |
|
GFR |
glomerular filtration rate |
|
GI |
gastrointestinal |
|
GMC |
General Medical Council |
|
GnRH |
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone |
|
xiv ABBREVIATIONS
GT |
γ-glutamyltranferase |
GTD |
gestational trophoblastic disease |
GTT |
glucose tolerance test |
GUM |
genitourinary medicine |
Hhaemolysis
HAART |
highly active antiretroviral therapy |
Hb |
haemoglobin |
HBeAg |
hepatitis B E antigen |
HBsAg |
hepatitis B surface antigen |
HBV |
hepatitis B virus |
HC |
head circumference |
hCG |
human chorionic gonadotrophin |
hct |
haematocrit |
HCV |
hepatitis C virus |
HDL |
high density lipoprotein |
HDU |
high dependency unit |
HELLP |
haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets |
HFEA |
Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority |
HH |
hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism |
HIV |
human immune deficiency virus |
HLA |
human leucocyte antigen |
HNIG |
human normal immunoglobulin |
HNPCC |
hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer |
HOCM |
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy |
HP |
hypothalamo-pituitary |
hPL |
human placental lactogen |
HPO |
hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary |
HPU |
Health Protection Unit |
HPV |
human papillomavirus |
HRT |
hormone replacement therapy |
HSDD |
hypoactive sexual desire disorder |
HSG |
hysterosalpingography |
HSV |
herpes simplex virus |
ABBREVIATIONS xv
5-HT |
5-hydroxytryptamine |
HTLV |
human lymphotropic virus |
HVS |
high vaginal swab |
HyCoSy |
hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography |
IA |
intermittent auscultation |
IAS |
internal anal sphincter |
IBD |
inflammatory bowel disease |
IBS |
irritable bowel syndrome |
IC |
interstitial cystitis |
ICS |
International Continence Society |
ICSI |
intracytoplasmic sperm injection |
ICU |
intensive care unit |
IDS |
interval debulking surgery |
IgG |
immunoglobulin G |
IgM |
immunoglobulin M |
IGT |
impaired glucose tolerance |
IL |
interleukin |
IM |
intramuscular |
IMB |
intermenstrual bleeding |
INR |
international normalized ratio |
IOL |
induction of labour |
Ip |
intraperitoneal |
ITP |
idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura |
IUCD |
intrauterine contraceptive device |
IUD |
intrauterine death (of the fetus) |
IUGR |
intrauterine growth restriction |
IUI |
intrauterine insemination |
IUP |
intrauterine pregnancy |
IUS |
intrauterine system |
IV |
intravenous |
IVF |
in vitro fertilization |
IVU |
intravenous urogram |
JVP |
jugular venous pressure |
xvi ABBREVIATIONS
LA |
local anaesthetic |
LARC |
long-acting reversible contraceptive |
LATS |
long-acting thyroid stimulator |
LAVH |
laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy |
LDH |
lactate dehydrogenase |
LDL |
low density lipoprotein |
LE |
lupus-erythematosus |
LFT |
liver function test |
LH |
luteinizing hormone |
LLETZ |
large loop excision of the transformation zone |
LMP |
last menstrual period |
LMWH |
low-molecular-weight heparin |
LN |
lymph node |
LNG |
levonorgestrel |
LNMP |
last normal menstrual period |
LP |
low platelets |
LR |
likelihood ratio |
LSCS |
lower segment Caesarean section |
LSD |
lysergic acid diethylamide |
LUNA |
laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation |
LVEF |
left ventricular ejection fraction |
LVS |
low vaginal swab |
MA |
mentoanterior |
MAIS |
mild androgen insensitivity syndrome |
MAS |
meconium aspiration syndrome |
MCA |
middle cerebral artery |
MCDA |
monochorionic, diamniotic |
MCHC |
mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration |
MCMA |
monochorionic, monoamniotic |
MCV |
mean corpuscular volume |
MDMA |
3, 4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine |
MDT |
multidisciplinary team |
MEA |
microwave endometrial ablation |
|
ABBREVIATIONS |
xvii |
MEOW |
modified early obstetric warning system |
|
MI |
myocardial infarction |
|
MMMT |
mixed mesodermal Müllerian tumour |
|
MMP |
matrix metalloproteinase |
|
MMR |
mumps, measles, and rubella |
|
MMtR |
maternal mortality ratio |
|
MoM |
multiples of median |
|
MP |
mentoposterior |
|
MPA |
medroxyprogesterone acetate |
|
MRKH |
Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser |
|
MRI |
magnetic resonance imaging |
|
MROP |
manual removal of placenta |
|
MS |
multiple sclerosis |
|
MSAF |
meconium-stained amniotic fluid |
|
MSU |
midstream urine (sample) |
|
MTCT |
mother-to-child transmission |
|
MTHFR |
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase |
|
MWS |
Million Women Study |
|
NAAT |
nucleic acid amplification test |
|
NBM |
nil by mouth |
|
NCSP |
National Chlamydia Screening Programme |
|
NEC |
necrotizing enterocolitis |
|
NHSCSP |
National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme |
|
NHSLA |
National Health Service Litigation Authority |
|
NK |
natural killer |
|
NNM |
neonatal mortality |
|
NNRTI |
Non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase |
|
NPSA |
National Patient Safety Agency |
|
NPV |
negative predictive value |
|
NSAID |
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
|
NSC |
National Screening Committee |
|
NT |
nuchal translucency |
|
NTD |
neural tube defect |
|
xviii ABBREVIATIONS
NYHA |
New York Heart Association |
OA |
occipito-anterior |
OAB |
overactive bladder |
OATS |
oligoasthenoteratozoospermia |
od |
once daily |
OGTT |
oral glucose tolerance test |
OHSS |
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome |
OL |
occipito-lateral |
OP |
occipito-posterior |
OTIS |
Organization of Teratology Information Specialists |
PAIS |
partial androgen insensitivity syndrome |
PAPP-A pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A |
|
PCA |
patient-controlled analgesia |
PCB |
postcoital bleeding |
PCI |
percutaneous coronary intervention |
PCO2 |
partial pressure of carbon dioxide |
PCOS |
polycystic ovary syndrome |
PCP |
primary pneumocystis pneumonia |
PCR |
polymerase chain reaction |
PDA |
patent ductus arteriosus |
PDS |
polydioxanone suture |
PE |
pulmonary embolism |
PEFR |
peak expiratory flow rate |
PEP |
post-exposure prophylaxis |
PET |
pre-eclamptic toxaemia |
PFME |
pelvic floor muscle exercises |
PG |
prostaglandin |
PGD |
preimplantation genetic diagnosis |
PGS |
preimplantation genetic screening |
PI |
protease inhibitor |
PID |
pelvic inflammatory disease |
PIGF |
placental growth factor |
PIH |
pregnancy-induced hypertension |
ABBREVIATIONS xix
PLCO |
Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian |
PMB |
postmenopausal bleeding |
PMS |
premenstrual syndrome |
PO |
per oral (by mouth) |
POCT |
point of care test |
POF |
premature ovarian failure |
POP |
progesterone-only pill |
PP |
placenta praevia |
PPH |
post-partum haemorrhage |
PPROM |
preterm prelabour rupture of membranes |
PPV |
positive predictive value |
PR |
progesterone |
PROM |
prelabour rupture of membranes |
PS |
performance status |
PSV |
peak systolic velocity |
PT |
prothrombin time |
PTT |
partial thromboplastin time |
PTU |
propylthiouracil |
PUL |
pregnancy of unknown location |
PV |
per vaginam |
Qventilation
qds |
four times daily |
QOL |
quality of life |
RCOG |
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists |
RCT |
randomized controlled trial |
RECIST |
response evaluation criteria in solid tumours |
REDF |
reversed end diastolic flow |
Rh |
rhesus |
RMI |
risk of malignancy index |
ROM |
rupture of membrane |
RPR |
rapid plasma reagin |
RR |
relative risk |
RUQ |
right upper quadrant (of abdomen) |
xx ABBREVIATIONS
SADS |
sudden adult/arrhythmic death syndrome |
SAH |
subarachnoid haemorrhage |
SARC |
Sexual Assault Referral Centre |
SB |
stillbirth |
SC |
subcutaneous |
SCBU |
special care baby unit |
SERM |
selective oestrogen reuptake modulator |
SFH |
symphysis fundal height |
SFLt-1 |
soluble-like tyrosine kinase |
SGA |
small for gestational age |
SHBG |
sex hormone-binding globulin |
SHO |
senior house officer |
SIDS |
sudden infant death syndrome |
SLE |
systemic lupus erythematosus |
SNRI |
serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor |
SOL |
space-occupying lesion |
SPD |
symphysis pubis dysfunction |
SpR |
specialist registrar |
SROM |
spontaneous rupture of membranes |
SSRI |
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
STAN |
ST waveform analysis |
STI |
sexually transmitted infection |
SUI |
stress urinary incontinence |
SVT |
supraventricular tachycardia |
t1/2 |
half-life |
T3 |
triiodothryonine |
T4 |
thyroxine |
TAH |
total abdominal hysterectomy |
TAS |
transabdominal scan |
TB |
tuberculosis |
TBG |
thyroid-binding globulin |
TBI |
total body irradiation |
tds |
three times daily |
|
ABBREVIATIONS |
xxi |
TENS |
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation |
|
TFT |
thyroid function test |
|
TIBC |
total iron-binding capacity |
|
TNF |
tumour necrosis factor |
|
TOP |
termination of pregnancy |
|
TORCH |
toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, |
|
|
and HIV |
|
TOT |
transobturator tape |
|
TRAP |
twin reversed arterial perfusion |
|
TSH |
thyroid-stimulating hormone |
|
TTP |
thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura |
|
TTTS |
twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome |
|
TVS |
transvaginal scan |
|
TVT |
tension-free vaginal tape |
|
TVUSS |
transvaginal ultrasound scan |
|
TZ |
transformation zone |
|
U&E |
urea and electrolytes |
|
UC |
ulcerative colitis |
|
UKFOCCS |
UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening |
|
UFH |
unfractionated heparin |
|
UPSI |
unprotected sexual intercourse |
|
USI |
urodynamic stress incontinence |
|
USS |
ultrasound scan |
|
UTI |
urinary tract infections |
|
VAIN |
vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia |
|
VBAC |
vaginal birth after Caesarean |
|
VBP |
vinblastin, bleomycin, and cisplatin |
|
VDRL |
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory |
|
VE |
vaginal examination |
|
VEGF |
vascular endothelial growth factor |
|
VIN |
vulval intraepithelial neoplasia |
|
VL |
viral load |
|
VMA |
vanillylmandelic acid |
|
V/Q scan |
ventilation/perfusion scan |
|
xxii ABBREVIATIONS
VSD |
ventricular septal defect |
VTE |
venous thromboembolism |
vWF |
von Willebrand’s factor |
VZIG |
varicella-zoster immunoglobulin |
VZV |
varicella zoster virus |
WCC |
white cell count |
WHI |
Women’s Health Initiative |
WHO |
World Health Organization |
ZDV |
zidovudine |