1. Подберите эквиваленты к глаголам, обозначенным цифрами:

1. roll	a) восстанавливать
2. draw	b) подвергаться
3. forge	c) отжигать
4. increase	d) ковать
5. enclose	e) повышать
6. grip	f) прокатывать
7. alter	g) захватывать
8. anneal	h) окружать
9. restore	i) изменять
10. undergo	j) вытягивать

2. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

1.cold working	a) термическая обработка
2. strain-free grain	b) охлаждающая среда
3. impact extrusion	c) ковка в открытых штампах
4. compressive strain	d) штамповка ударным выдавливанием
5. open-die forging	e) недеформированное зерно
6. wire drawing	f) деформация при сжатии
7. heat treatment	g) волочение проволоки
8. cooling medium	h) холодная обработка

3. Подберите подходящую пару к словам, обозначенным цифрами. Полученные словосочетания переведите.

1. hot	a) forming
2. complex	b) arrangement
3. sheet-metal	c) extrusion
4.open-die	d) process
5. structural	e) forging
6. metal-working	f) working

4. Заполните пропуски предложенными словами:

Quenching, orifice, shearing, immersion, drawing, sheet

1. Extrusion is pushing the billet to flow through the … of a die.

2. The most common rolled product is … .

3. … consists of pulling metal through a die.

4. … is a cutting operation similar to that used for cloth.

5. … is rapid cooling carried out by … in cooling medium in order to harden a metal.

Задание IV

1. Найдите в тексте сказуемые в пассивном залоге.

2. Найдите в тексте предложения с глаголами в пассивном залоге.

3. Найдите в последнем абзаце предложение с инфинитивом в функции цели.

Задание V

1. Определите, какие из данных утверждений истинны, а какие ложны:

1. When worked, metals are subjected to deformation.

2. Metals can only be rolled when they are hot.

3. Tubes or other hollow parts are made by drawing.

4. Earliest forging was done using a large hammer.

5. Sheet metal forming includes forging, bending and shearing.

6. Annealing is carried out to increase the hardness of the metal.

2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What are the main groups of metalworking processes?

2. What is the difference between hot and cold working?

3. How is impact extrusion carried out?

4. What happens to the workpiece when closed-die forging is carried out?

5. What is the purpose of heat treatment of metals?

Задание VI

1. Выполните письменный перевод текста.

2. Выполните устный пересказ текста, используя необходимые фразы.

Unit 10

Задание I

1. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:

Pneumatic, injection, initiate, locomotive, submarine, adapt, direction, differential

2. Прочитайте следующий текст:

ENGINES AND TRANSMISSIONS

Engine

An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines (such as steam engines) burn a fuel to create heat, which then creates motion. Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air and others—such as clockwork motors in wind-up toys—use elastic energy.

A diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal combustion enginethat uses theheat of compressionto initiateignitionto burn thefuel, which is injected into thecombustion chamber. This is in contrast to spark-ignition engines such as apetrol engine(gasoline engine) orgas engine(using a gaseous fuel as opposed togasoline), which uses aspark plugto ignite an air-fuel mixture. The engine was developed byRudolf Dieselin 1893.

The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiencyof any regularinternalorexternal combustionengine due to its very highcompression ratio. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%. Diesel engines are manufactured intwo-strokeandfour-strokeversions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationarysteam engines. Since the 1910s they have been used insubmarinesand ships. Use in locomotives, trucks,heavy equipmentand electric generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a fewautomobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road andoff-road vehiclesin the USA increased. As of 2007, about 50% of all new car sales in Europe are diesel.

A petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in North America) is aninternal combustion enginewithspark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and similar volatile fuels. It was invented in 1876 in Europe. In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually pre-mixed before compression (although some modern petrol engines now use cylinder-direct petrol injection). The pre-mixing was formerly done in acarburetor, but now it is done by electronically controlledfuel injection, except in small engines where the cost/complication of electronics does not justify the added engine efficiency. The process differs from adiesel enginein the method of mixing the fuel and air, and in usingspark plugsto initiate the combustion process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed (and therefore heated), and the fuel is injected into very hot air at the end of the compression stroke, and self-ignites.

Petrol engines run at higher speeds than diesels, partially due to their lighter pistons, connecting rods and crankshaft (a design efficiency made possible by lower compression ratios) and due to petrol burning faster than diesel. However the lower compression ratios of a petrol engine give a lower efficiency than a diesel engine. To give an example, a petrol engine is like operating a bicycle in its lowest gear where each push from your feet adds little energy to the system, but you still expend energy to move your legs back to the TDC position.

Transmission

A machineconsists of a power source and a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Merriam-Webster definestransmission as an assembly of parts including the speed-changing gears and the propeller shaft by which the power is transmitted from an engine to a live axle. Often transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses gearsandgear trainsto providespeedandtorqueconversions from a rotating power source to another device.

In British English, the term transmission refers to the whole drive train, including clutch, gearbox, prop shaft (for rear-wheel drive), differential, and final drive shafts. In American English, however, the distinction is made that a gearbox is any device which converts speed and torque, whereas a transmission is a type of gearbox that can be “shifted” to dynamically change the speed-torque ratio such as in a vehicle.

The most common use is in motor vehicles, where the transmission adapts the output of theinternal combustion engineto the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a relatively highrotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping, and slower travel. The transmission reduces the higher engine speed to the slower wheel speed, increasingtorquein the process. Transmissions are also used on pedal bicycles, fixed machines, and anywhere else where rotational speed and torque needs to be adapted.

Often, a transmission will have multiple gear ratios (or simply “gears”), with the ability to switch between them as speed varies. This switching may be done manually (by the operator), or automatically. Directional (forward and reverse) control may also be provided. Single-ratio transmissions also exist, which simply change the speed and torque (and sometimes direction) of motor output.

In motor vehicles, the transmission will generally be connected to the crankshaftof the engine. The output of the transmission is transmitted viadriveshaftto one or moredifferentials, which in turn, drive the wheels. While a differential may also provide gear reduction, its primary purpose is to permit the wheels at either end of an axle to rotate at different speeds (essential to avoid wheel slippage on turns) as it changes the direction of rotation.