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Ex. 20. Make up a dialogue on the urinary system.

Ex. 21. Read the following text and retell it:

Functions of urinary system

The urinary system participates with other organs to regulate the volume and composition of the intestinal fluid. Exchange across the walls of capillaries provides nutrients and removes waste products from the interstitial spaces. Exchange of gas in the lungs removes carbon dioxide from the blood and provides a supply of oxygen. The digestive system supplies nutrients to the blood, and the liver removes certain waste products. These organ systems function together to regulate the level of gases, nutrients, and some waste products in the blood. The kidneys remove waste products, many of which are toxic, from the blood and play a major role in controlling blood volume, the concentration of ions in the blood, and the pH of the blood. The kidneys are also involved in the control of red blood cell production and vitamin D metabolism. Although the kidneys are the major excretory organs in the body; the skin, liver, lungs, and intestines also eliminate wastes. However, if the kidneys fail to function, other structures cannot adequately compensate to maintain a normal environment for the body cells.

Ex. 22. Give a summary of the following text:

Fluid excretion

Blood enters each kidney from its renal artery, a major branch of the aorta, the body's main artery.

Once inside the kidney, the blood passes through a set of filtering systems called nephrons. These are the main functioning units of the kidney. Each kidney contains more than 1 million such units, each consisting of a tuft of small blood vessels, called a glomerulus, and some tubules. Although most nephrons measure 50 to 55 mm in length, the nephrons with renal corpuscles located within the cortex near the medulla are longer than the nephrons with renal corpuscles in the cortex nearer to the exterior of the kidney.

First, the blood passes through the glomerulus. The blood cells, proteins, large particles, and some of the water remain in the bloodstream. Everything else, including a large volume of water, filters out and passes into the tubule.

In the tubule, an important process occurs to control what will be excreted in the urine and what will be reabsorbed into the blood. Waste products (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) and excess salts, water, and calcium remain within the tubule. The other substances are absorbed. These absorbed substances are then returned to the bloodstream. Thus, the composition of the urine is determined by both the need to get rid of unwanted substances and the need to retain other substances.

The urine that has remained in the tubule emerges from its lower end, enters the ureter, and goes to the bladder, where it is stored. When the nerves of the bladder signal a feeling of fullness, the urine is avoided through the urethra.

Ex. 23. Read and translate the following words:

Adjacent; maintain; urea; erythropoiesis; cushion; cardiac output; interlobar; papillae; arcuate artery; radial artery; arteriole; peritubular; glomerule; link.

Ex. 24. Read the following text: