16. Reported speech: mixed types

Direct speech may consist of statement + question, question + command, command + statement, or all three together.

1. Normally each requires its own introductory verb:

‘I have left my watch at home. Can you tell me the time?’ he asked.

He said he had left his watch at home and asked me if I could tell him the time.

2. But sometimes, when the last clause is a statement which helps to explain the first, we can use as instead of a second introductory verb:

‘You’d better take an umbrella. It looks like rain,’ he said.

He advised me to take an umbrella as it looked like rain.

3. Sometimes the second introductory verb can be a participle:

‘Please, don’t drive too fast! The rain has just stopped and the roads are wet,’ she said.

She begged him not to drive too fast, reminding him that the rain had stopped some minutes before and the roads were/are wet.

Appendix 1

WAYS OF TRANSLATING RUSSIAN PARTICIPLES AND ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLES

PARTICIPLES

Active Voice

бросающий.......……….....................................................................throwing

Мальчик, бросающий камни в пруд, мой брат.

The boy throwing stones into the pond is my brother.

бросавший……......................(simultaneity).……......………............throwing

Мальчики, бросавшие камни в пруд, громко смеялись.

The boys throwing stones into the pond were laughing loudly.

.………..........…….(priority)…....….. who threw (has thrown, had thrown, had been throwing)

Мальчик, броcавший камни в собаку, был наказан отцом.

The boy who had been throwing stones at the dog was punished by his father.

бросивший...........................................................who threw (has/had thrown)

Мальчик, бросивший камень в собаку, был наказан отцом.

The boy who had thrown a stone at the dog was punished by his father.

Passive Voice

бросаемый.....................(at present moment, period)………....being thrown

Камни, бросаемые мальчиками, падают в воду.

The stones being thrown by the boys are falling into the water.

.................……..(usually, regularly)……...................…..thrown

Камни, бросаемые в воду, идут ко дну.

Stones thrown into the water go to the bottom.

брошенный.............................................................………...............thrown

Камень, брошенный мальчиком, долетел до противоположного берега.

The stone thrown by the boy reached the opposite bank.

Reflexive Participles with Passive Meaning

строящийся...................(at present moment, period)……….......being built

Большой дом, строящийся на нашей улице, новая школа.

The large house being built in our street is a new school.

...……..............(usually, regularly).…...............................built

Здания, строящиеся в нашем городе каждый год, в основном многоэтажные дома.

The houses built in our city every year are mostly large blocks of flats.

строившийся……….............................................................................built

Он показал мне несколько домов, строившихся его компанией.

He showed me some houses built by his company.

................(at certain moment, period)…..which was being built

Мне понравился дом, строившийся на берегу реки.

I liked the house which was being built on the bank of the river.

ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLE

бросая ...............................................................................................throwing

Мальчики стояли на берегу реки, бросая камни в воду.

The boys stood on the bank throwing stones into the water.

......………….....manner (in what way?)..............................by throwing

Мальчик мешал им ловить рыбу, бросая камни в воду.

The boy prevented them from fishing by throwing stones into the water.

бросив 1. cause …....................................................................having thrown

Бросив мяч в воду, он не смог достать его.

Having thrown the ball into the water, the boy couldn’t get it back.

2. time .............(succession of actions)……………..... (on) throwing

Бросив диск во второй раз он установил новый рекорд.

(On) throwing the discus a second time, he set a new record.

time...….....(an interval between actions) ........…… having thown, after throwing

Бросив последний камень в воду, он ушел домой.

He went home having thrown the last stone into the water.

3. attendantcircumstances………...................................…. throwing

Он побежал к мальчику, бросив ему мач.

He ran to the boy throwing him a ball.

4. manner.……….......(how?)........………........................... throwing

Он привлек внимание брата, бросив ему мяч.

He draw his brother’s attention throwing him a ball.

......... (how, in what way?)..……..........…….. by throwing

Он перестал играть с братом, бросив мяч через забор.

He stopped playing with his brother by throwing the ball over the fence.

PARTICIPLES AND ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLES WITH THE NEGATIVE PARTICLE HE

не бросающий .....……...........................................................… not throwing

не брошенный............................................................................... not thrown

не бросая ..............…………………................not throwing; without throwing

Он шел, не хромая.

He walked without limping.

не бросив .............................................…………………...not having thrown; without throwing

Он вышел из комнаты, не сказав ни слова.

He left the room without saying a word.

Note:

Without is used when it is possible to say ‘без того, чтобы сказать, сообщить’, if it is impossible not should be used: Not having seen her for many years…

Table 1

Right-hand combinability of some verbs - V + {_{+ N} } + prep + Ving

V+N+of+Ving	V + N + about + Ving	V+ N + to + Ving	V+N+for+ Ving
accuse smb exasperate smb remind smb suspect smb, etc.	ask smb mutter smth question smb say smth tell smb/smth	accustom smb attribute smth give smth limit oneself reduce smth/smb restrict oneself, etc.	blame smb bless smb criticize smb excuse smb forgive smb give smth honour smb pardon smb praise smb punish smb reprimand smb reproach smb respect smb reward smb scold smb scorn smb thank smb, etc.
V + N + on + Ving	V+N+from+ Ving	V + N + into + Ving
compliment smb congratulate smb pride oneself spend smth. etc.	discourage smb hinder smb keep smb/smth prevent smb prohibit smb protect smb/smth rescue smb/smth save smb stop smb. etc.	bribe smb coax smb deceive oneself/smb frighten smb hypnotize smb invite smb persuade smb pester smb talk smb trap smb trick smb. etc.
V + N + with + Ving
amuse smb charge smb, etc.
V + N + in + Ving	V+N+by+ Ving	V + N + out of + Ving	V + prep + N + prep + Ving
waste smb's time, etc.	amuse oneself oblige smb, etc.	argue smb make an occupation talk smb, etc.	apologize to smb for come to smb for co-operate with smb in laugh at smb for, etc.
V + N + against + Ving
warn smb insure smb, etc.
NOTE: 1. In these patterns the Gerund functions as prepositional object. 2. The gerundial construction is not possible because the noun is the doer of the action.

Table 2

Right-hand combinability of some adjectives – A + prep + Ving

A+of+ Ving	A+about+Ving	A + at+ Ving	A+in+Ving	A+for+ Ving	A+to+ Ving
afraid	angry	angry	busy	convenient	(un) accustomed
ashamed	careful	annoyed	careless	eminent	averse
aware	concerned	astonished	experienced	famous	close
(in)capable	doubtful	bad	expert	favourable	opposed
certain	excited	brilliant	fortunate	fit	preparatory
confident	happy	clever	happy	notorious	reluctant
conscious	hesitant	clumsy	interested	remarkable	subsequent
fond	hopeful	delighted	justified	responsible	used, etc.
guilty	mad	disappointed	late	sorry
hard	sad	excited	mistaken	thankful, etc.
hopeful	sensible	expert	occupied
proud	thrilled	good	patient
quick	worried, etc.	gratified	ready
shy		hopeless	skilful	A+on+ Ving	A+from+ Ving
sick		indignant	slow
sure	A+with+ Ving	Pleased	successful	dependent	different
tired		Prompt	temperate	determined	exempt, etc.
weary worthy, etc.	Acquainted content (ed)	quick relieved	wise, etc.	insistent intent
	heavy	shocked :		keen
	red	stupid		mad, etc.
	satisfied, etc.	surprised, etc.

Table 3

Right-hand combinability of some nouns N+of+Ving

accident	end	knack	reputation "
accuracy	enjoyment	labour	result
action	enterprise	lecture	reward
(dis)advantage	evidence	lightness	risk
adventure	evil	limit	ritual
aim	exhilaration	love	role
air	expenditure	luck	routine
appearance art	expence experience	luxury madness	rule satisfaction
attitude	fact	magnificence	savour
burden	fascination	manner	scruple
business	fate	means	sensation
capacity	favour	medium	sense
carelessness	fear	memory	shame
case	feeling	merit	shock
challenge	flavour	method	sight
hance	fuss	misery -	sign
charge	game	misfortune	signal
charm	genius	mistake	sin
choice	gesture	moment	slavery
(dis)comfort	gift	motion	sorrow
comment	grief	movement	sort
comparison	guilt	necessity	speciality
complication	habit	noise	sport
conception	hell	notion	stage
consequence	honour	object	standard
consideration	hope	opinion	state
consolation	hopelessness	opportunity	strain
(inconvenience	horror	pain	subject
cost	humiliation	participation	success
custom	idea	pity	support
danger	ignorance	platitude	surprise
day	illusion	pleasure	symptom
defence	impertinence	policy	talent
delay	importance	possibility	talk
delight	impression	power	task
desirability	incident	practice	terror
destiny	initiative	precaution	thought
difficulty	instant	pretence	torment ;
(in)dignity	instinct	pride	trick
disappointment	intention	privilege	trouble
disease	interest	process	use
disgrace	interference	proof	verge
dislike dreariness effect embarrassment	intimacy issue job joke	prospect purpose question rapture	virtue way week wisdom
emotion	joy	relief	work, etc.
NOTE: In this pattern the Gerund functions as attribute.

Table 4

Right-hand combinability of some nouns - N + prep + Ving

N + for + Ving		N + in+ Ving		N + at + Ving
capacity		advantage		amazement
cause		amusement		annoyance
excuse		belief		astonishment
genius		believer		attempt
gift		difficulty		chance
grounds		experience		delight
liking		harm		dismay
mania		hesitation		effort
motive		ingenuity		embarrassment
opportunity		interest		excitement
passion		meaning		expert
preference		object		hand
pretext		participation		irritation
propensity		pleasure		pleasure
reason		point		practice
regret		purpose		pride
reputation		sense		proficiency
talent		skill		regret
taste		success		relief
time, etc.		tact		satisfaction
		time		shyness
		use, etc.		surprise, etc.
	N + to + Ving		N + about + Ving
	alternative		doubt
	liking		fantasy
	means		obsession
	objection		scruples, etc.
	preparation
	tendency, etc.
NOTE: In these patterns the Gerund functions as attribute.