2. Text 2

Pre - reading task.

What great names in the history of metallurgy do you know?

1. Some of the Great Names in the History of Metallurgy

Anosov, Pavel Petrovich (1799 - 1851), a Russian metallurgist. Entered the St.Petersburg Mining Corps of Cadets at the age of 11. Graduated with honours in 1817 and was appointed to a minor post at the Zlatoust Crown Works. Promoted to Supervisor of the Zlatoust Arms Factory in 1819, to its Superintendent in 1824, and its Manager in 1829. From 1831 on, Mining Chief of the Zlatoust Works. From 1847 until his death, Chief of the Altai Works.

Anosov won world renown for his writings on the manufacture of iron and his re-discovery of the secret of damaskene lost in the Middle Ages. He explained the effect of the chemical composition, structure and treatment of steel on its properties. His findings formed the basis for the science of quality steels. Anosov summed up his studies in his now classical treatise, ‘On Damaskene’ (1841), immediately translated into German and French.

Anosov was the first to use the microscope in studies into the structure of steel (1831), thus laying the foundation for the microscopic analysis of metals.

Anosov was elected a corresponding member of the Kazan University (1844) and an honorary member of the Kharkov University (1846).

Bessemer, Sir Henry (1813 - 1898), a British civil engineer and inventor, elected to the London Royal Society in 1879. Patented over a hundred inventions in various fields of technology. Those most important were the needle die for postal stamps and the word-casting machine in 1838, the sugar cane press in 1849, and the centrifugal pump in 1850. While working on ways and means of improving the quality of a heavy artillery shell in 1854, he felt the need for a better steel-making process. In 1856 he patented a vessel for converting molten pig iron into steel. The process which took place in a vessel was named after him and revolutionized the iron and steel industry. In 1860, he patented a converter in which air is blown through the bottom and trunnions. He also advanced the idea of rolling steel without having to cast it into ingots.

Huntsman, Benjamin (1704 - 1776), a British metallurgist. Rediscovered around 1740 the crucible process of steel-making known to the ancients in India, Persia, Syria, and elsewhere but later lost to civilization. The crucible process produced strong steel.

Task 2 Comprehension Check

Exercise 1. Here are some answers to some questions about the text.

Work out the questions.

1. Pavel Anosov was 18 when he graduated from the Mining Corps of Cadets. 2. For a long time he was Mining Chief of the Zlatoust Works. 3. In his works he explained the effect of chemical composition of steel on its properties. 4. Bessemer patented over a hundred inventions in various fields of technology. 5. It was Bessemer who advanced the idea of rolling steel without casting it into ingots.

Exercise 2. Read the text carefully and agree or disagree with the

statements given below.

1. Anosov was a famous Russian painter. 2. Pavel Anosov re-discovered the secret of damaskene. 3. The secret of damaskene was lost in ancient time. 4. Henry Bessemer was an eletrician. 5. Bessemer had relatively few inventions. 6. Benjamin Huntsman is a well-known British metallurgist of the 18th century. 7. He re-discovered the process of making strong steel.

Exercise 3. Look through the text and find words which mean opposite of:

enter cause worsen

minor birth last

light modern loose

war hard earlier

Such words are called antonyms.

Exercise 4. Put the jumbled sentences in the right order to get an

organized text.

1. From the walls George Peregrine’s grandparents, painted by well-known painters, looked down upon husband and wife.

2. The Peregrines were having breakfast.

3. Though they were alone and the table was long, they sat at the opposite ends of it.

4. All this happened two or three years before the war.

5. They didn’t speak much to each other.

6. She looked at her letters.

7. The son brought in the morning post.

8. He opened The Times and began to read it.

9. George noticed that his wife hadn’t opened the letters.

10. They finished breakfast and rose from the table.

Oral Practice

Meeting People. Formulas of Introduction. Polite Phrases.

Greetings. Leaving

Hi! Bye-bye

Hello! Bye

How do you do? Good-bye

(Good) morning/afternoon/evening Have a nice day

How are you? So long

Nice/Glad to meet you Remember me to . . .

Haven’t seen you for ages

Fancy meeting you here

Gratitude Replies to expressions of gratitude

Thank you (very much) Not at all

Thanks a lot Don’t mention it

Thank you for (+ ing) You are welcome

Much obliged My pleasure

Introductions Replies

Meet my friend, her name is . . . Nice to meet you

Let me introduce my friend to you. Glad to meet you

Exercise 1. Make up short dialogues using the patterns.

1. introducing strangers to each other.

2. expressing gratitude for smth

3. greeting and leaving each other.

Exercise 2. Learn the conversation by heart. Make a conversation

of your own using the patterns.

1. At a meeting

Ben: Well, good morning. Before we start our meeting, let us introduce

ourselves. My name is Ben Green. I’m from Melbourn. I’m a civil

engineer and work for a firm. I’m thirty-two years old, married, with

two children. I’m going in for tennis and football. That’s I think. all

about me. Who’s the next?

Susan: I’m Susan Murphy. I live in York and work as a teacher of English.

I’m single. When I have free time I like gardening.

Peter: And my name is Peter O’Brien. I’m a computer programmer in IBM.

I’m 29 years old, divorced, no children. I’m interested in books and

dogs.

Ben: Sorry, Peter, and where are you from?

Peter: Oh, yes. I’m Irish and live in Belfast.