Application Область применения

to use / employ / apply to be used / employed / applied / to find use / find (have) application / be applicable application wide application / wide use limited application various application modern application recent application promising / perspective application possible application … is best suited / most suited … is useful / is of use serves to serves as is suitable is efficient is adequate … may be recommended for

применять / использовать использоваться, применяться / находить, получать применение применение широкое применение ограниченное применение разнообразное применение современное применение новейшее применение перспективное применение возможное применение наиболее подходит применимый, полезный служит для служит в качестве пригоден, годится является эффективным, действенным является подходящим, подходит ... может быть рекомендован для ...

Assignment 2. Read the following annotations paying attention to the scientific phrases used in them. Give your own annotation of a book or article you have read dealing with the theme of your research work in law.

Law's Limits

(Annotation of the book by Neil Komesar, University of Wisconsin, Madison)

What law is can be determined by the character of the institutions that make, interpret and enforce law. The interaction of these institutions moulds the supply of, and demand for, law. Focusing on this interaction in the context of US property rights law and the debates about private property and the rule of law, Komesar paints an unconventional picture of law and rights shifting and cycling as systematic factors, such as increasing numbers and complexity.

This strain produces tough institutional choices and unexpected combinations of goals and institutions. It also frustrates the hopes for courts, rights and law embodied in notions such as the rule of law and constitutionalism.

Although there may be an important role for law, rights and courts both in the US and abroad, it cannot be easily defined. This book proposes a way to define that role and to reform legal education and legal analysis.

Taxation in the EU

(Annotation of the book of 352 pp. written by David Buch, Senior Fellow, Centre for Law Studies, University of London)

In recent years the increasing European mobility of capital, firms and consumers has begun to constrain tax policies in most European countries, playing a major role in reforming national tax systems.

Buch uses the theory of international taxation to consider the fundamental forces underlying this process, covering both factor and commodity taxes, as well as their interaction.

Topics include a variety of different international tax avoidance strategies – capital flight, profit shifting in multinational firms, and cross-border shopping by consumers.

Situations in which tax competition creates conflicting interests between countries are given particular consideration.

Buck addresses the complex issue of coordination in different areas of tax policy, with special emphasis on regional tax harmonization in the European Union.

Also included is a detailed introduction to recent theoretical literature.

City Lawyers

(Annotation of the book written by Rebecca L. Nelson, Professor of Law at Northwestern University)

Over the past several decades, the number of lawyers in large cities has doubled, women have entered the bar at the unprecedented rate, and the scale of firms has greatly expanded. This immense growth has transformed the nature and social structure of the legal profession. In the most comprehensive analysis of the urban bar to date, City Lawyers presents a compelling portrait of how these changes continue to shape the field of law today.

Drawing on extensive interviews with Chicago lawyers, the author demonstrates how developments in the profession have affected virtually every aspect of the work and careers of urban lawyers – their relationships with clients, their tenure and satisfaction, income, social and political values, networks of professional connections, and patterns of participation in the broader community. Yet, despite the dramatic changes, much remains the same. Stratification of income and power based on gender, race, and religious background, for instance, still maintains inequality within the bar.

The author of City Lawyers concludes that organizational priorities will likely determine the future direction of the legal profession. And with this landmark study as their guide, readers will be able to make their own informed predictions.

Assignment 3. Read the articles given below, sum up the information and make use of it working on specialty and newspaper (media) texts.