- •Е. Н. Пушкина law and justice закон и правосудие
- •603134, Г. Н. Новгород, ул. Костина, 2 "б"
- •Содержание
- •Предисловие
- •Unit 1. Constitution
- •The Concept and History of Constitution
- •British Constitution
- •Британская Конституция
- •Unit 2. Constitution
- •Characteristics of Constitutions
- •The Constitution of the usa
- •Unit 3. Law-Making Process
- •Why Bring Laws In?
- •Types of Bills
- •Unit 4. Law-Making Process
- •Preparatory Stages of a Government Bill
- •Принятие Нового Закона
- •Making New Law
- •Unit 5. Courts and Law
- •Appealing to History...
- •Justice and Law
- •Kinds of Law in the United States
- •1. Constitutional Law
- •2. Statutory Law
- •3. Administrative Law
- •4. Case Law
- •Unit 6. Courts and Law
- •English Courts Today
- •Farewell to the Traditional System of Justice or Just a New Supreme Court?
- •What Is a Court?
- •New Arrangements Require New Titles
- •Unit 7. Legal Profession
- •The Nature of Legal Profession
- •Solicitors and Barristers – See the Difference
- •Lawyers' Work
- •Unit 8. Legal Profession
- •Barristers and Solicitors - Education and Career
- •It's Useful to Know
- •Business Lawyer
- •Unit 9. Legal Profession
- •Merging of the Legal Profession
- •Стирание граней между барристерами и солиситорами
- •Law Office
- •2. Small Law Firms
- •3. Mid-Sized Law Offices
- •4. Large Law Offices
- •Unit 10. Legal Profession
- •Call to Merge 'Two-Tier' Legal System
- •Types of Lawyer Titles
- •Scientific vocabulary Англо-русские обороты научной речи
- •The theme of the research Сообщение о теме и содержании работы
- •Aims and Tasks Цели и задачи работы
- •Methods and Techniques Используемые методы
- •Base Data Исходные моменты
- •Interpretation Интерпретация
- •Characteristic features of the subject of the research Основные признаки и характеристика предмета исследования
- •Comparison and collation Сравнение и сопоставление
- •Correspondence and divergence Соответствия и расхождения
- •Connection; cause-and-effect relationship Связь, зависимость, влияние
- •Results Результаты исследования
- •Conclusions Выводы. Заключения
- •Evaluation Оценка
- •Application Область применения
- •Specific features of legal texts Особенности юридической речи
- •Media discourse
Types of Lawyer Titles
A law office typically has many employees in addition to the lawyers. The following descriptions will help you be more informed about your legal representation:
Partners: People typically refer to the owners of a law firm as partners. It is very prestigious for a lawyer to become a partner of his or her law firm. Partners are usually the most experienced lawyers in the firm and they charge the highest fees.
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Associates: Lawyers who are employed by a firm but who are not owners are typically called associates. Associates can be very good lawyers, but they typically have less experience than the partners of the firm. Although it varies from firm to firm, associates typically have to work for four to ten years before they are considered for partnership. Given their experience, associates typically bill at lower rates than partners. |
associate – зд. помощник партнера |
Contract Lawyers: A firm will sometimes hire outside lawyers as independent contractors to do part-time work. The firm will usually pay a contract lawyer on an hourly basis and then bill out his or her time at a higher rate in order to cover overhead costs and hopefully make a profit off of the lawyer's work.
Law Clerks: Law clerks are typically law students who work for the firm while they are going to law school. They do legal research and assist lawyers in preparing cases.
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Paralegals: A paralegal is someone who has legal training, but who is not a lawyer. Paralegals serve an important role in a law firm by providing support to lawyers when they are working on cases. They can work under the supervision of a lawyer but do not justify the high billing rates of a lawyer. Paralegals typically bill at rates that are half of what a lawyer charges. |
paralegal – относящийся к юридическим работникам без диплома юриста |
Legal Assistants: This is a general term that is sometimes used by law firms to describe paralegals, legal secretaries, and other support staff.
Investigators: Depending on the type of law practised, some law firms will hire investigators who are charged with going out and investigating background facts on a case.
Task 4. Answer the following questions:
1. What requirements should lawyers meet if they want to become partners of their law firms?
2. How do associates compare to partners?
3 What categories of lawyers are called contract lawyers?
4. What are the functions of law clerks?
5. Who are paralegals and what are their responsibilities?
6. How are paralegals paid?
7. With respect to what people is the term "legal assistants" used?
8. What is the purpose of hiring investigators?
Scientific vocabulary Англо-русские обороты научной речи
Assignment 1. Study the following scientific vocabulary units. Use them in a summary of your research paper.
The theme of the research Сообщение о теме и содержании работы
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the present article is about / is concerned with / is devoted to / is dedicated to … the essay / paper / investigation deals with / centers on / concentrates on / touches upon / focuses on / presents / examines… the paper presents the analysis … the article addresses…
the main concern of this paper is …
the discussion is concentrated on …
the paper studies / considers / addresses the issue of / lays out the theory of … the author focuses on … … is analyzed … is discussed … is described … is considered ... is outlined ... is thoroughly investigated a sport description is given of … a thorough study of the phenomenon was made special / particular) attention was paid / given to... … with particular / special emphasis on / with special attention to …)
attention is primarily given to… special account is taken of … ... is given particular consideration... |
в данной статье рассматривается / статья посвящена (предназначена) ... в эссе / статье / работе / исследовании рассматривается...
в работе исследуется... в статье исследуется / рассматривается... в статье рассматривается главным образом... (в работе) рассматривается в основном... в статье рассматривается / исследуется / излагается ... автор заостряет внимание на ... исследуется обсуждается, описывается, излагается описывается рассматривается, обсуждается описывается (кратко, в общих чертах) подробно исследуется дано краткое описание ... проводилось тщательное изучение этого явления особое внимание уделялось ...
причём особое внимание уделяется, обращается на ... / особо подчёркивается) ... внимание уделяется прежде всего ... особо учитывается ... обращается особое внимание на ... |