V. Oral practice.

Exercise 15. Be ready to speak on the topic “Composition”. Use the plan to be ready.

1. The concept of composition.

2. The role of composition. Effects.

3. Elements of design.

Exercise 16. Project work. Prepare a report.

1. “Types of lines used in composition.”

2. “Compositional techniques.”

VI Reading and Comprehension

Exercise 17. Look through the text B.

Notes:

1. Guideline – керівний принцип

2. grid – решітка

Text b Rule of thirds

The rule of thirds is a guideline followed by some visual artists. The objective is to stop the subject(s) and areas of interest (such as the horizon) from bisecting the image, by placing them near one of the lines that would divide the image into three equal columns and rows, ideally near the intersection of those lines.

The rule of thirds is thought to be a simplification of the golden mean. The golden mean is a ratio that has been used by visual artists for centuries as an aid to composition. When two things are in the proportion of 1:1.618 (approximately 3/8 to 5/8), they are said to be in the golden mean.

Dividing the parts of an image according to this proportion helps to create a pleasing, balanced composition. The intersection points on a golden mean grid appear at 3/8 in and 3/8 down/up, rather than at 1/3 in and 1/3 down/up on the grid of thirds.

Rule of odds

The "rule of odds" states that by framing the object of interest with an even number of surrounding objects, it becomes more comforting to the eye, thus creates a feeling of ease and pleasure. It is based on the assumption that humans tend to find visual images that reflect their own preferences/wishes in life more pleasing and attractive.

The "rule of odds" suggests that an odd number of subjects in an image is more interesting than an even number. Thus if you have more than one subject in your picture, the suggestion is to choose an arrangement with at least three subjects. An even number of subjects produces symmetries in the image, which can appear less natural for a naturalistic, informal composition.

An image of a person surrounded/framed by two other persons, for instance, where the person in the center is the object of interest in that image/artwork, is more likely to be perceived as friendly and comforting by the viewer, than an image of a single person with no significant surroundings.

VII Language

Exercise 18. Match the word combinations in column A with their equivalents in column B:

A	B
1. to frame 2. to bisect 3. to create 4. to reflect 5. to choose 6. to produce	a. an arrangement b. symmetry d. the object of interest e. a balanced composition f. preferences g. the image

Exercise 19. Match painting media in column A to their definitions in column B:

A	B
1. The rule of thirds 2. The golden mean 3. The rule of odds	a. is a ratio that has been used by visual artists for centuries as an aid to composition. b. suggests that an odd number of subjects in an image is more interesting than an even number. c. means to stop the subject(s) and areas of interest from bisecting the image, by placing them near one of the lines that would divide the image into three equal columns and rows.