VII. Language

Exercise 16. Match antonyms in column A with column B and translate them:

A	B
similar primitive back distant coarse horizon above tops	a) bottoms b) smooth c) different d) below e) vertical f) polished g) front h) close

Exercise 17. Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:

Тональна важливість, показати тінь матеріалу, реалістичне зображення образу, пом’якшити або розповсюдити оригінальні штрихи малюнку, техніка штрихування, порівнювати розміри різних частин предмету, малювати складний образ, комбінація куба, кулі, циліндра та конуса; глибоке розуміння анатомії та пропорцій людини, зменшуватися з відстанню, сходитися в точці сходження, зменшувати контраст.

Exercise 18. Match the definitions to the terms in the left column:

1. Shading 2. Blending 3. Linear perspective 4. Vanishing point 5. Two-point perspective 6. Three-point perspective

a) uses an implement to soften or spread the original drawing strokes. b) is converging the vertical lines to a third point above or below the horizon c) when both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon. d) is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. e)is a place to which parallel lines appear to converge in the rendering of perspective, usually on the horizon f)is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material

VIII Text understanding

Exercise 19. Agree or disagree with the statements. Correct the false statements.

Agreement: I agree with you; You are right; Certainly; Exactly so ; I fully support you

Disagreement: I can’t agree with you; I am afraid you are mistaken; Not quite so; This is not true; I disagree with the statement that…

1. Blending is most easily done with a medium that does not immediately fix itself.

2. Shading techniques don’t include hatching and stippling.

3. Tools such as a compass, a ruler, even a finger can be used to measure the angles of different sides.

4. An artist mustn’t have a deep understanding of anatomy and the human proportions to draw a human being.

5. There is only one type of perspective in drawing.

6. Depth can be portrayed through the use of texture.

IX Oral Practice

Exercise 20. Project work. Prepare a report

1. “Types of perspective.”

2. “Drawing methods”.

3. “Notable draftsmen.” (see Table 3 Appendix)

X Reading and Comprehension

Exercise 21. Read the text C. Give the title to it. Define its main points and summarize them.

Text C

The composition of the image is an important element in producing an interesting work of artistic merit. The artist plans the placement of elements in the art in order to communicate ideas and feelings with the viewer. The composition can determine the focus of the art, and result in a harmonious whole that is aesthetically appealing and stimulating.

The illumination of the subject is also a key element in creating an artistic piece, and the interplay of light and shadow is a valuable method in the artist's toolbox. The placement of the light sources can make a considerable difference in the type of message that is being presented. Multiple light sources can wash out any wrinkles in a person's face, for instance, and give a more youthful appearance. In contrast, a single light source, such as harsh daylight, can serve to highlight any texture or interesting features.

When drawing an object or figure, the skilled artist pays attention to both the area within the silhouette and what lies outside. The exterior is termed the negative space, and can be as important in the representation as the figure. Objects placed in the background of the figure should appear properly placed wherever they can be viewed.

A study is a draft drawing that is made in preparation for a planned final image. Studies can be used to determine the appearances of specific parts of the completed image, or for experimenting with the best approach for accomplishing the end goal. However a well-crafted study can be a piece of art in its own right, and many hours of careful work can go into completing a study.