Establishing the European Community Free Movement of Goods

Article 9

1. The Community shall be based upon a customs union which shall cover all trade in goods and which shall involve the prohibition between Member States of customs duties on imports and exports and of nil charges having equivalent effect, and the adoption of a common customs tariff in their relations with third countries.

2. The provisions of Chapter 1, Section 1, and of Chapter 2 of Title shall apply to products originating in Member States and to ducts coming from third countries which are in free circulation in Member States.

Article 10

1. Products coming from a third country shall be considered to be free circulation in a Member State if the import formalities have be complied with and any customs duties or charges having equivalent effect which are payable have been levied in that Member State, and if they have not benefited from a total or partial drawback of such duties or charges.

2. The Commission shall, before the end of the first year after till entry into force of this Treaty, determine the methods of administrative cooperation to be adopted for the purpose of applying Art. 9 (2), taking into account the need to reduce as much as possible formalities imp on trade.

Before the end of the first year after the entry into force of thin Treaty, the Commission shall lay down the provisions applicable, as regards trade between Member States, to goods originating in another Member State in whose manufacture products have been used on which the exporting Member State has not levied the appropriate customs duties or charges having equivalent effect. [... ]

X. Translate into Russian.

AGREEMENT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE VI OF THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE

Geneva, 1979

The Parties to this Agreement (hereinafter referred to as "Parties"),

Recognizing that anti-dumping practices should not constitute an unjustifiable impediment to international trade and that anti-dumping duties may be applied against dumping only if such dumping causes or threatens material injury to an established industry or materially retards the establishment of an industry;

Considering that it is desirable to provide for equitable and open procedures as the basis for a full examination of dumping cases;

Taking into account the particular trade, development and financial Beds of developing countries;

I Desiring to interpret the provisions of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (hereinafter referred to as "General Agreement" or "GATT") and to elaborate rules for their application in Order to provide greater uniformity and certainty in their implementation; and

Desiring to provide for the speedy, effective and equitable settlement of disputes arising under this Agreement;

Hereby agree as follows:

PART I

ANTI-DUMPING CODE

Article 1

Principles

The imposition of an anti-dumping duty is a measure to be taken only under the circumstances provided for in Article VI of the General Agreement and pursuant to investigations initiated and conducted in accordance with the provisions of this Code. The following provisions govern the application of Article VI of the General Agreement in so far us action is taken under anti-dumping legislation or regulations.

X1 Translate into Russian.

AGREEMENT ON INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF ARTICLES VI, XVI AND XXIII OF THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE

Geneva, 1979

The signatories to this Agreement,

Noting that Ministers on 12-14 September 1973 agreed that the Multilateral Trade Negotiations should, inter alia, reduce or eliminate the trade restricting or distorting effects of non-tariff measures, and bring such measures under more effective international discipline,

Recognizing that subsidies are used by governments to promote important objectives of national policy,

Recognizing also that subsidies may have harmful effects on trade and production,

Recognizing that the emphasis of this Agreement should be on the effects of subsidies and that these effects are to be assessed in giving due account to the internal economic situation of the signatories concerned as well as to the state of international economic and monetary relations.

Desiring to ensure that the use of subsidies does not adversely affect or prejudice the interests of any signatory to this Agreement, and that countervailing measures do not unjustifiably impede international trade, and that relief is made available to procedures adversely affected by the use of subsidies within an agreed international framework of rights and obligations,

Taking into account the particular trade, development and financial needs of developing countries,

Desiring to apply fully and to interpret the provisions of Articles VI, XV and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (hereinafter referred to as "General Agreement" or "GAIT") only with respect to subsidies and countervailing measures and to elaborate rules for their application in order to provide greater uniformity and certainty in their implementation,

Desiring to provide for the speedy, effective and equitable resolution of disputes arising under this Agreement,

Have agreed as follows: [... ]

XII. Translate into English making use of the suggested words and phrases.

ЭКСКУРС В ИСТОРИЮ ГАМБУРГСКИХ ПРАВИЛ

Традиционно в морском праве перевозчик (carrier) нёс Абсолютную ответственность за утрату или порчу груза (loss of or Damage to cargo) независимо от того, проявлял он небрежность или нет и (за некоторыми исключениями) вне зависимости от причины утраты. В течение нескольких столетий в морских перевозках существовал своего рода фундаментальный принцип, заклю­чающийся в том, что "в отношениях между судовладельцем и морскими страхователями (marine insurance underwriters) владелец груза должен быть застрахован от любого ущерба за исключением ущерба, вызываемого рыночными причинами. Согласно действовавшему правилу, как только должным образом упакованный груз Помещался на борт судна в пригодном для перевозки виде и был полностью застрахован против всевозможных рисков, его владелец либо согласно договору фрахтования (contract of affreightment), либо согласно страховому договору должен был быть полностью обезо­пасен от всех рисков".

Тем не менее к концу прошлого столетия морским перевозчикам удалось добиться ограничения своей ответственности за перевозку Грузов морем до такой степени, что это в конечном итоге стало Неприемлемым для грузоотправителей и грузополучателей (shippers and consignees). В Соединенных Штатах это привело к принятию в 1893 году так называемого закона Хартера. Этот закон устанавливал пня перевозчика ряд минимальных, но обязательных требований, с тем чтобы торговцы обеспечивались по крайней мере хоть какой-нибудь защитой.

Тем не менее закон не устранил это противоречие, и в начале второго десятилетия нынешнего века были проведены переговоры, увенчавшиеся дипломатической конференцией, в работе которой участвовало 26 стран, в том числе ряд развивающихся стран. В августе 1924 года Конференция в Брюсселе приняла международную Конвенцию об унификации некоторых правил, касающихся Коносаментов (Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading), общеизвестную как Гаагские правила (the Wague Rules), […]

27. ... в 1970 году Генеральная Ассамблея в своей резолюции 2635 IXXV) рекомендовала ЮНСИТРАЛ (UNCITRAL) уделять прио­ритетное внимание международному законодательству в области

морских перевозок, и в соответствии с этим ЮНСИТРАЛ предприняла пересмотр Гаагских правил. Была создана Рабочая группа в составе 21 государства-члена, представляющих большинство правовых систем и географических регионов мира. Эта группа разработала проект конвенции о морской перевозке грузов. [... ]

28. Этот проект был затем представлен дипломатической Конференции Организации Объединённых Наций, которая была проведет в Гамбурге, в Федеративной Республике Германии, в марте I97H года (Гамбургская конференция) [... ]

29. Многочисленные переговоры, которые в конечном итоге привели к Гамбургским правилам (the Hamburg Rules), ставили перед собой целью совершенствование Гаагских правил.

XIII. Do the two-way translation of the texts.

B. Commercial consequences

60. Below some of the more important commercial consequences of the entry into force of the Hamburg Rules are discussed. Some of these also have direct economic consequences, but they are included below for the sake of convenience. A more in-depth discussion of the various aspects of the Hamburg Rules can be found in chapter HI.

Abolition of the list of defences

61. Apart from the nautical faults and the fire defences (see below), the Hague Rules' list of the other exemptions has long been considered to be of little practical value. The exemptions in article IV, rule 2 (c) through (p), do not add anything of substance. Nevertheless, these exemptions can be said to have been retained implicitly in article 5 (1) of the Hamburg Rules. В.