Uchebnik_lakhotyuk_mikhaylova

standards would serve only to increase prejudice toward non-English speaking groups and further divide ethnic communities within the nation. As evidence that a constitutional amendment is not necessary to promote the learning of English, they put forth the country's history of immigration as an example - assimilation, both cultural and linguistic, has evolved among the nation's immigrant groups naturally, without the existence of a legal statute. In some cases where a state has instituted a law designating English as the official language, court cases have resulted. For example, Arizona made English the official law, requiring that all state and local business be conducted in English only. A state insurance claims manager legally challenged this law, fearing that if she tried to communicate with clients or co-workers in Spanish, her job would be in jeopardy. While the state courts upheld the English only law, a federal judge struck it down on the grounds that it deprived the employee of her right to freedom of speech.

(B) English as the official language of the United States.

Do you know what is the official language of the United States? If you answered English, guess again. But don’t feel bad, the vast majority of people would answer that English is the official

language of the United States of America. English is the de facto language since, at this point, it is the most widely spoken language in the nation. But Spanish is catching up with over forty million Hispanics speaking their native language at home, at work, and on their daily lives.

This brings another point: Why is the U.S., an English-speaking country (or so you think), catering not only to the Spanish language, but to many others that you don’t even know about? Because the U.S. as a nation has never declared an official language. Many people have tried it with no success. In 1780, John Adams proposed to the Continental Congress that English should be declared the official language of the US. His proposal was deemed "undemocratic and a threat to individual liberty.”

Since 1776 we have been - and continue to be - a multilingual nation. Back then, it wasn’t uncommon to hear up to 20 different languages spoken in daily life. Today, those numbers are more staggering. According to U.S. English Inc., an advocacy group that supports declaring English as our official language, 322 languages are spoken in the country, with 24 of those spoken in every state and the District of Columbia. California has the most languages, with 207, while Wyoming has the fewest with 56.

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So why won’t Congress declare an official language? Because we are a nation of immigrants. Because declaring an official language would abridge the rights of individuals with limited English proficiency, individuals who are paying taxes and who are entitled to the same rights as those who speak English.

To protect those rights, there is something called Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 2000 Executive

Order No. 13166. Although twenty seven states have declared English as their official language, in order to receive federal financial assistance those states still have to comply with Title VI, which requires that vital materials be available in every language that their clients speak; every language, not just Spanish.

Basically, Title VI was best described by President John F. Kennedy in 1963: “Simple justice requires that public funds, to which all taxpayers of all races [colors, and national origins] contribute, not be spent in any fashion which encourages, … or results in racial [color or national origin] discrimination.”

10.4 What’s your opinion?

oWhich facts about the language policy in the USA do you find most interesting?

o Which things do you think strengthen the unity of a nation – language, religion or something else?

oDoes everyone feel at home in your country or are there some who would prefer either some kind of home rule (i.e. local self

government) or to become a separate state?

oWould you like to learn any ethnic minority language? Why/ Why not?

(11) Bilingual education.

11.1 Read the text and answer the questions below:

1.What does 'bilingual education' mean?

2.What is the aim of bilingual education in the USA?

3.What is the difference between the two bilingual education programs in the USA?

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Bilingual education.

Bilingual education provides for instruction to students in two languages: the native language of the student, if that differs from the language of the host country, and the language of the host country.

Some educators argue that the aim of bilingual education should be the assimilation of a child into the regular school system and, eventually, into the host society. Others hold that this form of bilingual education belittles a child's cultural heritage and that, therefore, all courses should be taught in two languages, thus fostering biculturalism. In the United States, these philosophies have yielded two basic types of programs designed to integrate non-English-speaking children with speakers of English.

In the transition program, students are gradually led from exclusive use of their native language to full use of English. In the maintenance program, the native language is used

simultaneously with English; as a result, students develop reading and speaking fluency in both languages.

The U.S. government appropriates yearly funds for bilingual education and also supplies policy guidelines for such programs. In the late 1980s, when there were about 1.5 million students whose home language was not English, the Department of Education urged some non-traditional programs.

Bilingual education in the US.

11.2 The video segment (01:13:44 – 01:17:22) debates whether children who don’t speak English should be sent to bilingual classes or classes taught in English. Watch this part of the segment and fill in the blanks with the missing words. Then compare your answers with those of another student.

Peter Jennings: Tonight we put the subject of bilingual education back on the American Agenda. Last night, in examining the (1)…………. over bilingual education in America, we noted the growing trend towards forcing (2)……………

students to learn English as (3) …………. as possible, which of course means (4) ………. them to give up their native language quickly as well. Tonight Ron Claiborne reports on two schools that use a different (5)

………… and where students seem to do much (6) …………… .

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Claiborne: At San Fernando Elementary School in Los Angeles County, the overwhelming (7) ………… of students start school speaking only (8) ………. . But instead of trying to get these children into allEnglish class in just a few (9)…………., this school takes an (10)

……………. approach.

11.3 First look over the outline. Then watch this part of the segment and complete the outline with the important information.

I. Eastman Project

A.Similarities to traditional bilingual education programme. 1. ____________________

2. ____________________

B.Differences from traditional bilingual education programme. 1. ____________________

2. ____________________

C.Theory the project is based on:

______________________

D. Results of the project:

______________________

II. Two-Way Bilingual Programme.

A.Differences from traditional bilingual education programme. 1. ____________________

2. ____________________

B.Results of the programme:

______________________

11.4 What’s your opinion?

oNow that you have heard about the strengths and weaknesses of bilingual and mainstream type education programs, what kind of program would you send your child if you were going to raise a family in the USA? What are the reasons for your choice?

11.5* Read about Bilingual Education in Wales and make notes on the following issues:

1.The aim of the bilingual programme.

2.The intensity of the bilingual programme.

3.The success of the programme.

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Bilingual Education in Wales

In Wales, bilingual education (Welsh-English) was the result of an attempt to save the Welsh language and culture from extinction. The Welsh language was at a risk of becoming a dead language (in 1971 less than 20 % of the Welsh people were able to speak their mother tongue), before Welshmedium schools were introduced. The first Welsh-medium primary school was introduced in 1939. Since then, according to government statistics, there are 26.1 % of the primary schools that use Welsh as

the sole or main medium of instruction, and another 7.2 % that use Welsh as the medium for teaching part of the curriculum. Also, 20.5 % of the secondary schools in Welsh in Wales offer at least six subjects (such as Physical Education, Art, Religious Knowledge, History, Geography, Mathematics and Music) through Welsh. Overall 11.7% of secondary students are taught Welsh as a first language, and

a further 52.6% are taught Welsh as a second language. Thus, in Wales, the bilingual programme comes in a range of forms: from total early immersion in primary schools to partial immersion (Dodson's bilingual method) to learning Welsh as a second language.

The bilingual programme in Wales has proved to be successful, with the number of students enrolling to Welsh-medium schools increasing dramatically in the recent years.

11.6* Listen to a talk given about the Welsh language and fill in the blanks in the notes below.

The Welsh language

The language of Wales is Welsh or Cymraeg which is translated from

(1)__________ as (2) __________ .

It belongs to the (3) __________ language family. It is relative to (4) __________ .

It is spoken mostly in (5) __________ . Its alphabet has (6) __________ letters. Its spelling is (7) ___________ .

The most common Welsh surname is (8) _________ which comes from (9)

_________.

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(12*) MULTILINGUALISM IN EUROPE

12.1 Vocabulary Development. Check if you know these words:

12.2 Vocabulary Development. Check if you know these words:

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12.3 Give Russian equivalents.

in one’s mother tongue to foster European spirit to comply with laws

it doesn’t make sense to do smth the obvious choice

be composed of mixed nationalities be considered a vital cornerstone be politically unacceptable

to encourage genuine multicultural education a legislative body

there is a strong emphasis on

12.4 Group A. Look through the article (12.A) below and answer the questions.

1.What is a European school?

2.How many languages must pupils of European schools study?

3.How many languages can pupils of European schools study?

4.How is European spirit encouraged?

(12A) European Schools

Near most of the various European Union institution sites, European Schools have been created to allow staff to have their children receive their education in their mother tongue, and at the same time to foster European spirit by (among other things) teaching at least two other European languages.

Basic instruction is given in the eleven official languages of the European Union: Danish, Dutch, English,

Finnish, French, German, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish. In the expansion of the Union with 10 countries in 2004 and two more in 2007, the new official languages of the EU are added. The pupil's mother tongue (L I) therefore remains his/her first language throughout the School.

Consequently, each school comprises several language sections. The curricula and syllabuses (except in the case of mother tongue) are the same in all sections.

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In the Schools where the creation of a separate language section cannot be justified based on the number of students, teaching of the mother tongue and possibly mathematics is provided.

To foster the unity of the School and encourage genuine multicultural education, there is a strong emphasis on the learning, understanding and use of foreign languages. This is developed in a variety of ways:

The study of a first foreign language (English, French, or German, known as L II) is compulsory throughout the school, from first year primary up to the Baccalaureate. In secondary school, some classes will be taught in L II.All pupils must study a second foreign language (L III), starting in the second year of secondary school. Any language available in the School may be chosen.

Pupils may choose to study a third foreign language (L IV) from the fourth year of secondary school.

Language classes are composed of mixed nationalities and taught by a native speaker.

A weekly "European Hour" in the primary school brings together children from all sections for cultural and artistic activities and games.

In the secondary school, classes in art, music and sport are always composed of mixed nationalities.

From the third year of secondary school, history and geography are studied in the pupil's first foreign language, also called the "working language" (English, French, or German). Economics, which may be taken as an option from the fourth year of the secondary school, is also studied in a working language. From the third year, therefore, all social science subjects are taught to groups of mixed nationalities.

12.5 Group B. Look through the article (12.B) below and answer the questions.

1.How many official languages does the EU have?

2.What is the principle of "relay translation" and why is it used?

3.What are the disadvantages of "relay translation"?

4.What are some other suggestions for an official language for the EU? What are their weak and strong points?

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(12B) Is EU Lost in Translation.

Brussels, Belgium, the European Union's headquarters city, is fast getting a reputation as the new Babel. EU institutions currently require 80 interpreters per language per day and around 2,000 written-text translators, who process almost 2.5 million pages a year in the EU’s 23 languages. The total annual cost of EU multilingualism policy is currently worth €1.1bn or 1% of the EU budget. Is it worth it?

Juhani Lonnroth, the Finn who runs the translation service, has done his sums. "Translation costs less than 2 euros per citizen, so it is less than a cup of coffee or a ticket to the cinema," he says. "I think it's worth it because it is part of democracy."

The rule is that every language must be provided. The European Commission (EC), the legislative body of the European Union, says it's essential that legislation should be published in the official languages of all member states, because EU citizens can't be expected to comply with laws they don't understand.

Twenty languages gives a total of 190 possible combinations (EnglishGerman, French-Czech, Finnish-Portuguese, etc), and finding any human being who speaks, for example, both Greek and Estonian or Slovene and Lithuanian is almost impossible. To get round this problem, the parliament will use much more "relay translation", where a speech is interpreted first into one language and then into another - and perhaps into a fourth or fifth.

Clearly the scope for mistakes in this game of Chinese whispers is huge. "If I'm first in the chain, and make a mistake, then everyone else down the relay makes the same mistake - or worse," Jana Jalvi, one of the new Estonian recruits says.

Some MEPs debate whether it might not make sense to have just one official language for the EU. The obvious choice, in fact, would be English, which is now used for drafting around 60 percent of all paperwork and is also widely spoken as a second language in Europe, especially in Scandinavian and Eastern European countries.

However, officially, an EU dominated by English would be unacceptable politically, while multilingualism is considered a vital cornerstone of the European Parliament.

The French - who have the parliament on their soil and who, after all, were founder-members of the EU - are particularly sensitive to its increased use.

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The European party Europe – Democracy – Esperanto seeks however to establish the artificial language as an official second language in the EU.

Meanwhile, builders have been constructing new cabins for the interpreters in all the meeting rooms of the European parliament - in Brussels and in Strasbourg, and translating has become the EU's biggest boom industry.

12.6 What’s your opinion?

oWhat’s your view on EU’s multilingual policy? Do you approve or disapprove of it? Why? Do you think it is viable?

oWhat do you think advantages of an artificial language are? What artificial languages do you know?

12.7 Listen to Jo Bertrand speaking on the subject of bilingualism and make notes on the following points:

1.What does being bilingual mean?

2.What are the reasons for encouraging bilingualism?

3.What problems may parents face while raising a bilingual child?

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