Uchebnik_lakhotyuk_mikhaylova

must exchange business cards immediately on meeting because it is sо essential to establish everyone's status and position.

When it is handed to a person in a superior position, it must be given and received with both hands, and you must take time to read it carefully, and not just put it in your pocket! Also the bow is a very important part of greeting someone. You should not expect the Japanese to shake hands. Bowing the head is a mark of respect and the first bow of the day should be lower than when you meet thereafter.

The Americans sometimes find it difficult to accept the more formal Japanese manners. They prefer to be casual and more informal, as illustrated by the universal 'Have a nice day!' American waiters have a one-word imperative 'Enjoy!' The British, of course, are cool and reserved. The great topic of conversation between strangers in Britain "is the weather— unemotional and impersonal. In America the main topic between strangers is the search to find a geographical link. 'Oh, really? You live in Ohio? I had an uncle who once worked there.'

'When in Rome, do as the Romans do. Here are some final tips for travellers.

•In France you shouldn't sit down in a cafe until you've shaken hands with everyone you know.

•In Afghanistan you should spend at least five minutes saying hello.

•In Pakistan you mustn't wink. It is offensive.

•In the Middle East you must never use the left hand for greeting, eating, drinking, or smoking. Also, you should take care not to admire anything in your hosts' home. They will feel that they have to give it to you.

•In Russia you must match your hosts drink for drink or they will think you are unfriendly.

•In Thailand you should clasp your hands together

and lower your head and your eyes when you greet someone.

• In America you should eat your hamburger with both hands and as quickly as possible. You shouldn't try to have a conversation until it is eaten.

10.4 Read the article again and answer the questions. Discuss the questions in pairs.

1.Which nationalities are the most and least punctual?

2.Why did the British think that everyone understood their customs? Which nationalities do not like to eat and do business at the same time?

3.They (the French) have to be “well fed and watered." What or who do

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you normally have to feed and water'?

4.An American friend of yours is going to work in Japan. Give some advice about how he/she should and shouldn't behave.

5.Imagine you are at a party in a) England (b) America. How could you begin a conversation with a stranger"? Continue the conversations with your partner.

6.Which nationalities have rules of behaviour about hands'? What are the rules? Why is it not a good idea

Øto say that you absolutely love your Egyptian friend's vase.

Øsay 'Hi! See you later!' when you're introduced to someone in Afghanistan.

Ødiscuss politics with your American friend in a McDonald's.

Øgo to Russia if you don't drink alcohol.

10. .5 Discussion

oThink of one or two examples of bad manners. For example, in Britain it is considered impolite to ask people how much they earn.

oWhat advice would you give somebody coming to live and work in your country?

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(11) Avoid Culture Shock

11. 1 Read the text quickly and tell what the topic of each part is.

11.3 For questions 1-11, choose from the situations A-F. some of the situations may be used more than once.

In which situation or situations:

o should you make small talk? 1. □

o should you keep an eye on the time? 2.□ 3. □ o should you keep your distance? 4. □

o is a small gift appropriate? 5. □ o should you wait in queue? 6. □

o should you not ask about people’s political beliefs? 7. □ o might you have to buy someone a drink? 8. □

o should you ask permission from your host? 9. □ o can you buy something to eat? 10. □ 11. □

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AVOID CULTURE SHOCK

Harrods is a tourist attraction, but for shopping in London try other big department stores, such as Selfridges, Lewis's and

Debenhams. A good place for clothes is Marks and Spencer. Take a stroll along Oxford Street, the main shopping centre. When there are sales on, you are allowed, and even expected, to bargain with the shop assistant to try and get a better price for goods. If there are a lot of people, you should wait your turn to be served. Most large stores also have restaurants where customers can have lunch or a quick snack.

If you are invited to dinner at someone's home, you should take some flowers or a box of chocolates. If you are invited to an informal party, it is quite common to take a bottle of wine or even a few bottles of beer. At English parties men are expected to wear a suit and tie. If you wish to bring a friend along, that's fine, but it is polite to ask first. You are not expected to turn up with very expensive presents.

People in Britain are generally quite careful about time. When you are invited to someone's house, you should either arrive on time or no later than fifteen minutes after the time arranged. If in doubt, give your hosts a ring. You should be careful about overstaying your welcome. Look out for signs of tiredness in your hosts. The best time to leave is when they appear with their pajamas on. You can say, 'Well, I think it's time we were going ...'

Usually in Britain we introduce people by their first name or their first name and surname together. Most people use first names at informal parties. It is usual to shake hands with men and to kiss women on the cheek when you are introduced to them. Do not embrace, however, on this first encounter, and do not stand too close to the other person. As you are introduced to someone you say, 'How do you do?' or 'Pleased to meet you.' You need not wait to be introduced - just introduce

yourself.

You can 'break the ice' with strangers by talking about the weather: 'Shame about the weather.' 'Is it still raining?' or 'Bit chilly today, don't you think?' When you have broken the ice like this, you can then go on to ask the person you are talking to how much money they earn. Another good topic for

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conversation is work. However, people do not like talking about politics except in a general way, and you should avoid asking them what political party they vote for. On first meeting someone, it is also not appropriate to ask about their age or how much they weigh.

A pub is where you drink beer or other alcoholic drinks, but light refreshments are also available. Pubs serve drinks at fixed times and generally accept last orders at about 11 pm. It may be difficult to get a drink after this time. At lunch-time and sometimes in the evening, food

is served. If you order more than three pints of beer, the food is free of charge, so drink as much as you can and then ask (politely) for your free meal. People may pay for their own drinks or take it in turns to buy a 'round', in other words, to pay for the whole group.

11.4 Comprehension check. How much do you remember? Answer the questions.

1.What time should you arrive at a party?

2.What time should you leave a party?

3.Is it appropriate to bring a friend along with you to a party?

4.What kind of a present should you take to a party?

5.What should you do if you don’t know other guests?

6.Which conversation topics should be avoided?

7.Which topics are appropriate on the first encounter?

8.Is it OK to embrace people in Great Britain?

9.Are there any queues in Great Britain?

10.Which street is the main shopping centre in London? 11.Where can people bargain to get a better price?

12.What does it mean when someone says: “This is my round”?

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ADDITIONAL EXERCISES

(1) TENSE REVISION

THE MAN WHO MADE ENGLISH EASY

a) Read the first part of the article about Basic English and choose the correct verb form.

The idea of inventing an international language is not a new one. Over the past 180 years, linguists have created / created over ten different languages that аrе based/be based on German, Spanish, English and even musical notes. One of the most influential of these have been/was Basic English.

By 1923 the First World War was/had been over for five years, but Europe was still recovering/recovered from its effects. Charles Kay Ogden, a linguist and writer, was running several bookshops in Cambridge. He had just/just published a book which described how we use language. The success of his book had inspired/inspired Ogden to design a universal language - something that was much simpler than English, but doesn't/didn't require native English speakers to study a different language. In 1930 Ogden's book

Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar was/were published. It is estimated that, on average, it takes/took about seven years to become fluent in English. Ogden believed/was believing that Basic English could be learned in seven weeks. There had been/were only 850 words and the grammar was simplified with very few exceptions to each rule.

b) Read the second part of the article and fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

The language ………. (attract) the attention of educators all over the world, but its development ………. (interrupt) by the Second World War. After the war, both the British Prime Minister and the President of the United States

……….. (look) for ideas that might promote world peace. They both ……….

(give) speeches that supported the use of Basic English.

In the past 60 years, the language ………. (have) some success. In some parts of East Asia, teachers ……….. (still; use) Ogden's word lists. However, in the main, the language has disappeared. But now that we

…………… (know) that there are many more non-native than native speakers of English, recently some linguists ……….. (ask) whether we should revisit Ogden's ideas. And the Wikipedia website has started a version of their main encyclopedia ………. (write) in Basic English for non-native learners of the language.

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(2) LANGUAGE AWARENESS: BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH

A. The American words in the sentences below are printed in italics. Replace each American word or phrase with a British word or phrase from the following list.

1.His mother thought he was at school but in fact he was playing hooky. He'll probably flunk his exams.

2.The kitchen faucet in my apartment isn't working. I'll tell the janitor. He'll get it fixed.

3.Blue-collar workers are asking for a pay-hike and longer paid vacations.

4.The dog attacked the mailman and tore his pants.

5.Do you have a railroad schedule? I want an early train for Chicago tomorrow.

6.A patrolman reported a light-blue sedan parked right across the sidewalk on 3rd Street.

7.She has a little baby so she has to make regular visits to the drugstore to buy diapers.

8.When the waiter handed me the check after the meal, I found that I had no money!

9.How much does it cost to mail a letter to Australia?

1. We had to stand in line at the movie-theater last night.

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2.Our back yard looks lovely in the fall. The leaves on the trees turn brown and red.

3.He wants to major in math at college when he leaves high school.

4.When you stop for gas at a gas station, they sometimes clean your windshield.

5.We had to buy a lot at the stores, then we took the subway home.

6.The elevator's broken down again, but it doesn't matter. We live on the first floor.

7.She likes candy, and bread and butter with jelly on it. They're bad for her teeth.

8.The only money I have is a twenty dollar bill.

9.In this district they only collect the garbage once a week.

(3)MULTIPLE CHOICE Read the text below and decide which answer a, b or c best fits each space.

WTO Arabic

Arab countries have (1) ____ for Arabic to be an official language of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The only official languages of the WTO are English, French and Spanish. WTO (2) ____ Keith Rockwell told reporters that Kuwait (3) ____ the request to the WTO. Members of the organization are discussing it now. However, the request may not be (4)

____. It would cost about $43 million a year to (5) ____ translators. If the WTO adds Arabic, China would probably ask the WTO to add Chinese too. It seems (6) ____ that Arabs want Arabic as a WTO language. More than 280 million people speak the language around the world. It is the world’s (7)

____ most widely-spoken language. French isn’t even in the top ten. China has a (8) ____ reason to ask for Chinese to be an official WTO language – there are over a billion Chinese speakers in the world. It may not be too long before the WTO languages change. The (9) ____ three languages belong to a

(10)____ time. Globalization means other countries are becoming more important.

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(4) MULTIPLE CHOICE Read the text below and decide which answer a, b c or d best fits each space.

Broadcasting has democratized the publication of language, often at its most informal, even undressed. Now the ears of the educated cannot escape the language of the masses. It (1)_______ them on the news, weather, sports, commercials, and the ever-proliferating game shows.

This wider dissemination of popular speech may easily give purists the

(2)_______ that language is suddenly going to hell in this generation, and may

(3)_______ the new paranoia about it. It might also be argued that more Americans hear more correct, even beautiful, English on television than ever before. Through television more models of good usage (4)_______ more American homes than was ever possible in other times. Television gives them lots of (5)_______ English too, some awful, some creative, but that is not new.

Hidden in this is a (6)_______ fact: our language is not the special private property of the language police, or grammarians, or teachers, or even great writers. The (7)_______ of English is that it has always been the tongue of the common people, literate or not. English belongs to everybody: the funny

(8)_______ of phrase that pops into the mind of a farmer telling a story; or the

(9)_______ salesman's dirty joke; or the teenager saying, 'Gag me with a spoon'; or the pop lyric — all contribute, are all as (10)_______ as the tortured image of the academic, or the line the poet sweats over for a week. Through our collective language (11)________ some may be thought beautiful and some ugly, some may live and some may die: but it is all English and it (12)________ to everyone — to those of us who wish to be careful with it and those who don't care.

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(5) OPEN CLOZE

For question 1 – 15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).

THE TRUTH ABOUT AMERICAN INDIAN SMOKE SIGNALS

Many adults, after watching Western films (0) __as___ children, grew up believing that American Indians could communicate with smoke signals almost as easily (1) ______ people nowadays talk on (2) ______ telephone. Sadly, the idea that the individual puffs of smoke represent complex messages is typical (3) ______ the kind of exaggeration that Hollywood loves.

Smoke signals were indeed used, but their content (4) _____ limited to a few simple messages (5) _____ meanings had been agreed in advance. Returning Piman fighters in Arizona, for example, might signal the end of a successful battle (6) _____ sending up a column of smoke, and the village

(7) _____ reply with two columns of smoke. One or two unbroken columns of smoke were (8)_____ that was needed to send a message.

(9) ______ was the place that the signal came from - whether the fire was on a hill (10) _____ in a valley - that was important.

When Apaches out hunting spotted another group of Indians (11) ______

the distance, they lit a fire well to the right of their (12)______ group, which meant, 'Who are you?' The others, in order to (13) ______ the Apaches know that they were friends, would then use a prearranged reply. Smoke signals were most (14) ______ used to broadcast news of victory in battle, or to warn of dangers, (15)______ as approaching enemies.

(6) OPEN CLOZE

For question 1 – 15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space.

EVOLVING LANGUAGES

The 1._______ that languages develop is interesting. Words and expressions are continuously coming 2._______ and going out of fashion. And these days there are new words every day as we try to keep up 3._______ technological advances.

Of course, most of these new words come from the USA. 4. _______ fact, without the influence of the Americans, British English 5._______ be a poorer language.

6._______ general, the two versions of English are very similar. Of course, there are 7. _______ words that only exist 8._______ in America or Britain.

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