Uchebnik_lakhotyuk_mikhaylova

Technique 2: First of all, think of ten locations in your home, choosing them so that the sequence of moving from one to the other is an obvious one - for example, front door to entrance hall, to kitchen, to bedroom, and so on.

Check that you can imagine moving through your ten locations in the same order without difficulty.

Now think of ten items and imagine them in those locations. If the first item is grass, you might imagine opening your front door and wiping your feet on a doormat made of grass. If the second is a cabbage, you might imagine your hall blocked by an enormous cabbage. If item number three is sheep, you could imagine someone in the kitchen trying to put a whole sheep into the oven. And so on.

The locations need not, of course, be in your own home. They could be a typical trip along your high street or around your place of work or school.

7.2 Test yourself

Now try to create similarly memorable images for the ten items in either of these lists.

Then cover up the page, and see if you can write down the ten items in order. If you haven't yet had time to learn the ten peg words or locations by heart, write them down and use them to help you.

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7.3 Listen to a story about some memory technique. Make notes.

7.4 Listen to someone describing one more technique for learning new vocabulary in a foreign language and tell how it uses the learner’s mother tongue.

(9) Lingua franca

9.1 Role play

A new and rather controversial school of foreign languages has recently come into operation. It guards its secret very carefully, so, apart from its advertising campaign and some “Situations vacant” advertisements, very little it’s known about its operation. All the learners

read all six advertisements before they are given their role cards.

Advertisements

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Teacher wanted, Private Language School

LINGUA FRANCA.

We will train you in our new methods. You must be receptive, flexible, attractive and fast-thinking.

Phone 462-3968

Secretary / Receptionist. Are you lively persuasive, attractive? We pay generous salary for 25 hours a week, private language school

LINGUA FRANCA, phone us and persuade us to interview you. Tel 462-3968

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Role-cards

The students make pairs. Reporter A and Learner; Reporter B and Owner; Reporter C and Teacher. The Reporters do the interviewing.

Reporter A. You are a reporter who has been assigned the task of preparing a series of ten-minute broadcasts for a programme for the learners of English in your country. You have decided to devote a programme to LINGUA FRANCA, the new school of foreign languages. You want to start with an interview with a typical learner of English. You can ask other reporters to prepare additional interviews for the programme (e.g. with an average teacher of English or the owner of LINGUA FRANCA).

Learner. You are learning English. You have been chosen to take part in a radio broadcast on LINGUA FRANCA, the new school of foreign languages. You are a typical student (you are learning English at evening classes, at another school). Express your opinion of LINGUA FRANCA. You have seen the advertisements only.

Reporter B. You have been asked to collaborate on a series of ten-minute broadcasts for a programme for the learners of English in your country. Your task is to interview the owner of LINGUA FRANCA,.

Owner. You are the owner of LINGUA FRANCA, the new school of foreign languages. You are going to be interview in connection with your school which you are rather proud of.

Reporter C. You have been asked to collaborate on a series of ten-minute broadcasts for a programme for the learners of English in your country. Your task is to find out what an average teacher of English thinks about the new school which is advertised in such an intriguing way. The interview will be used in the programme.

Teacher. You are learning English. You have been chosen to take part in a radio broadcast on LINGUA FRANCA, the new school of foreign languages. You are an average foreign language teacher (you teach English at a secondary school). Express your opinion on LINGUA FRANCA. You have seen the advertisements only.

8.2 DISCUSSION

o How realistic, do you think, such methods are?

o Would you like to take up courses at such a school?

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(1) THE ENGLISH - SPEAKING WORLD

countries where English is the first and often only language of most people

countries where besides English as a native language there is at least one other significant native tongue

countries where English is not native, only official language

1.1.Read the passage below and find the answers to these questions.

How many ...

1people speak English as a first language?

2people speak English as their second language?

3children study English in schools?

4students does the British Council teach annually?

5countries have English as an official language?

6countries receive broadcasts in English?

7English speakers are there altogether?

8scientists write in English?

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English in the world

In the minds of many people there is no longer an issue. They argue that English has already become a world language, by virtue of the political and economic progress made by English-speaking nations in the past 200 years, and is likely to remain, so, gradually consolidating its position.

An impressive variety of facts about usage support this view. According to conservative estimates, mother-tongue speakers have now reached around 300 million;1 a further 300 million use English as a second language; and a further 100 million use it fluently as a foreign language. This is an increase of around 40% since the 1950s. More radical estimates, which include speakers with a lower level of language fluency and awareness, have suggested that the overall total is these days well in excess of 1,000 million. The variation results largely from a lack of precise data about English language use in such areas as the Indian sub-continent, where the historical impact of the language exercises a continuing influence on many of its 900 million people, and China where there has been a burst of enthusiasm for English language studies in recent years, with over 100 million people watching the BBC television English series Follow Me. Even if only 10% of these learners become fluent, the effect on totals is dramatic: the number of foreign learners is immediately doubled.

Surveys of range of use carried out by UNESCO and other world organizations reinforce the general statistical impression. English is used as an official or semi-official language in over 60 countries, and has a prominent place in a further 20. It is either dominant or well established in all six continents. It is the main language of books, newspapers, airports and air-traffic control, international business and academic conferences, science, technology, medicine, diplomacy, sports, international competitions, pop music, arid advertising. Over two-thirds of the world's scientists write in English. Three-quarters of the world's mail is written in English. Of all the information in the world's electronic retrieval systems, 80% is stored in English. English 4 radio programmes are received by over 50 million in 120 countries. Over 50 million children study English as an additional language at primary level; over 80 million study it at secondary level (these figures exclude China). In any one year, the British Council helps a quarter of a million foreign students to learn English, in various parts of the world.

¹ from The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language by David Crystal

1.2 Do these statistics surprise you? Why or why not?

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3.2 Mind the difference:

To conquer = to completely defeat (beat) the armed forces of an enemy country, with the result that you have complete control over it;

To invade = to enter an enemy’s country by force with the intention of taking control of it;

To occupy = to enter a place and stay there in order to take control of it;

3.3 Match the definitions below with the words from the list above (3.1).

a.to start to live permanently in a country or city, after you have lived in several different places over a period of time;

b.to live in a place, especially over a long period of time or permanently;

c.to change and develop gradually over a long period of time;

d.a victory in which one country wins a war against another country and takes control of it;

e.one of the people who live in a particular area;

f.to make small changes to something in order to make it more suitable for a particular purpose;

g.to combine parts of something to form a single whole;

h.to mix so as to form an undivided whole, while keeping separate qualities;

i.to exist together at the same time, esp. peacefully.

3.4 Fill the gaps using key words from the list above (3.1).

1.Some tribes still ……. the remoter mountains and jungles of the country.

2.Life ……. on earth over millions of years.

3.German troops ……. Poland on September 1st 1939.

4.He rushed out into the busy street and ……. with the crowd, hoping that that way the police wouldn’t spot him.

5.After covering long distances and changing many places the tribes finally ……. on the banks of the small river.

6.Julius Caesar ……… Gaul, which we now know as France.

7.They …….. heavily from the bank to start their new business.

8.In 1989 East and West Germany finally ……. again.

9.The plane crashed and caught fire, and only 12 of the 140 passengers

…….. .

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3.5 Translate into English.

1.Англия стала единой страной.

2.Три языка сосуществовали.

3.Викинги вторглись в страну.

4.Британские острова были заселены кельтами.

5.Англосаксы пришли на острова.

6.Англия была завоевана норманнами.

7.Англия стала частью римской империи.

3.6 Skim the text and arrange the statements above (3.5) in the right order.

The English Language. History.

Two thousand years ago the British Isles were inhabited by speakers of Celtic languages. These languages still survive in parts of Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and Brittany in France. The Celts were conquered by the Romans, and from 43 ВС to about AD 410 the areas which are now England and Wales were part of the Roman Empire, and Latin was the language of

government.

Between the fourth and seventh centuries A.D., the Anglo-Saxons arrived from what is now northern Germany, Holland and Denmark, and occupied most of England, and parts of southern Scotland. The AngloSaxons spoke a Germanic language which forms the basis of modern English. This language was modified by the arrival of Viking invaders in the north and east of the

country, who came from Norway and Denmark between the eighth and eleventh centuries. These Scandinavian settlers spoke Old Norse, which was related to Anglo-Saxon, and which is the parent language of modern Danish. The mixing of the two languages greatly enriched the vocabulary of English.

By the middle of the tenth century England had become a unified country under one king. In 1066 England was conquered by the Frenchspeaking Normans, and French became the language of government. For the next three hundred years three languages coexisted. The aristocracy spoke

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