Uchebnik_lakhotyuk_mikhaylova

For example, 9._______ British say “biscuit” and the Americans say “cookie”; and there are 10._______ some words that can 11._______ real confusion. For example, the American word “pants”, which has a very 12._______ meaning in British English. There are also differences in the grammar, and pronunciation, with many 13._______sounds that are pronounced completely differently. 14._______, most of these differences are minor and do not interfere 15._______ communication. All right, mate? Or should I say, OK, buddy?

(7) WORD FORMATION

For questions 1-15 read the text below. Use the word given in CAPITALS at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

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(8) WORD FORMATION

For questions 1 -10, read the text below. Use the word given in the capitals at the end of each line to for a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning.

0 DIFFERENT

(9) WORD FORMATION

For questions 1 -10, read the text below. Use the word given at the end of each line to for a word that fits in the space in the same line.

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(10) OPEN CLOZE

Fill in each space with an appropriate word from the list

CULTURE SHOCK

Penny, a friend of mine, has just got back from a trip to Japan. She had very

(1) ___________ time but there were occasions, she says, when the rather

(2)__________ behaviour of her hosts led to moments of cultural confusion, and at times she even felt (3) ___________ by some of the mistakes she made. For example, it is (4) ___________ for Europeans to call each other by their first names, but this is not the (5) __________ way of addressing people in Japan. Now because Penny was (6) __________ to show everyone how friendly she was, she called everyone by their first name. Most people were

(7) _________. because she was obviously a foreigner but some became quite (8) __________ and showed little sympathy.

At first, Penny found bowing to people quite (9) ________ - she is, after all, an actress - but after a while it became a bit (10) _________ having to bow to everyone you met.

Penny is not at all (11) __________ - she loves meeting new people - but after the first few misunderstandings she was (12) __________ to open her mouth in case she offended someone. I myself am quite an experienced traveller, but I would feel (13) ___________ about putting my foot in it in Japan because there even (14 ) __________ people observe the most elaborate rules of social behaviour -silence for example is nothing to be (15)__________ of in Japanese culture, but in the West we get very worried if there are even short periods of silence at social gatherings.

сonfusion замешательство to offend обижать

to put one’s foot in попасть впросак

elaborate сложный; детально разработанный

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(11) OPEN CLOZE

Complete this text with their, some, a, the or 0 (when no article is needed). Sometimes there is more than one possibility.

Some tips about France

Here are (1) ___some______tips to help you get on well with (2)_____

French on your next visit to (3)_____ beautiful country. When you first meet someone, do not start using (4)_____ first name, except with (5)_____

younger people. It is best to wait to be invited to use (6)_____ first names. The proper way to greet someone is 'Bonjour, Monsieur or Madame.'

(7)_____ French like conversation. When you are speaking to (8)______

French people, do not be surprised if they keep interrupting you and even raise (9)_____ voices; it is quite normal. (10)______ French people shake hands much more than (11)______ Americans or most Europeans: if you fail to shake (12)______ hands, you may be considered rude. Close friends will kiss (13)______ cheeks (once, twice, even three times). However, it is more a light touching of cheeks than (14)_____ true kiss. One of (15)______ most common mistakes non-native speakers of (16)______ French make is when expressing their age. In many languages one says 'I am X years old', whereas in French one says, 'I have X years.'

(12) WORD MAP.

Look at a word map that a student drew for a presentation. Can you tell his story?

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CHECK –UP TESTS

Chapter II.

Test 1. Open cloze. Insert the word into each blank space. History of English

Two thousands years ago the British Isles were inhabited by speakers of 1.__________ . Then they were conquered by the Romans and from 2.__________ to about 3.___________ the areas which are now 4._________and 5. __________ were part of the 6. __________, and 7.__________ was the language of government. Between the fourth and seventh centuries A.D., the 8. ____________ from what is now northern Germany, Holland and Denmark. They spoke a 9. __________language which forms the basis of modern English. This language was modified by the arrival of 10. __________, who came from Norway and Denmark between the eighth and eleventh centuries. The mixing of the two languages greatly enriched the vocabulary of English. By the middle of the 11.__________century England had become a unified country under one king.

In 1066 England was conquered by the 12. __________, and 13.__________ became the language of government. For the next three hundred years three languages co-existed. The aristocracy spoke 14.__________, the ordinary people spoke 15. __________, while 16.__________ was the official language of church and science.

Modern English evolved from the mingling of the three tongues.

Test 2. Preposition decision. Insert an appropriate preposition (or conjunction) into blank spaces. Be careful! There is one blank space which doesn’t need a preposition.

OPENESS OF VOCABULARY. This involves the free admission 1.__________ words 2.___________ other languages and the easy creation of compounds and derivatives. Most world languages have contributed some words 3. ____________English 4. ___________some time, and the process is now being reversed. Purists of the French, Russian, and Japanese languages are resisting 5. ___________ the arrival of English 6.___________

their vocabulary.

THE FUTURE OF ENGLISH. Geographically, English is the most widespread language on Earth, second only 7. _________ Mandarin Chinese 8. __________ the number of people who speak it. It is the language of business, technology, sport and aviation. This will no doubt continue, 9.___________the proposition that all other languages will die 10.__________ is absurd.

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Test 3. Tense Review. Complete this text using the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Then check against the text ‘2 Nations divided by the same language’.

Is there such a thing as an American language? The difference between the English language as 1. ______________ (to speak) in Great Britain and the variety 2. _________ (to speak) in the US is a subject much 3. __________

(to discuss) by laymen and linguists alike. Some laymen, both American and English, 4. ____________to claim that American English is now a different language, but the reasons why they wish to stress the differences usually have more to do with national pride than linguistics. In Britain the two language theory 5. ___________ (to espouse) by Anti-American purists who want to distance themselves from the vulgar version of their language, as though it were ‘the true church’, and in the US, talk of an American language usually 6. ___________ from boastful nationalists who pretend that what 7.___________(to speak) there is a 8. ___________(to grow at home) product and not a foreign import.

Chapter III.

Test 4. Open cloze. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the passage. (based on texts “Culture shock’, ‘We are all Americans now”, “How not to behave badly abroad”)

1.In Singapore it is (1) ____________ to give tips.

2.In West Africa (2)___________ is a common way of

(3)______________ attention.

3.It’s absolutely unacceptable in Great Britain to jump the

(4)____________.

4.In Singapore you might be fined if you fail to (5)___________ the toilet.

5.In the century of globalization we risk (6)__________our cultural identity.

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6.In Thailand head is considered to be the most (7)___________ part of a body.

7.Unlike the British who might think one thing and say another, Americans (8)__________ their minds.

8.American culture (9)_______ magnetic influence on other cultures all the world over.

9.Other cultures might be (10)_______ by inferior American culture.

10.European film industry faces the threat of (11)___________.

11.France (12)__________ to the influence of American culture and American language.

12.When in Rome, do as the (13)__________ do.

13.In France you shouldn’t sit in a café until you’ve (14)________ hands with everyone you know.

14.In Pakistan you mustn’t wink. It is (15)___________.

15.In Thailand you should (16)_________ your hands together and lower your head.

16.In Russia you must (17)__________ your hosts’ drink for drink.

Test 5. Key-word transformation

For questions, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the word given and other words to complete each sentence. You must use between two and five words. Do not change the word given. Write only the missing words.

1.If you’ve invited Italians to the meeting, don’t expect them to arrive on time.

up

If you’ve invited Italians to the meeting, don’t expect them to _______ on time.

2.Many people don’t like invasion of English words into the vocabulary of their native languages.

approve

Many people do_______ invasion of English words into the vocabulary of their native languages.

3.It is typical of the British to remain calm in tense situations.

upper

It is typical of the British to _______.

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4.They say that anyone in the States can live the American dream. said

Anyone in the States _______ to live the American dream.

5.The British protested about the cancel of imperial measurements.

to

The British _______ the cancel of imperial measurements.

6.Many people nowadays believe that the world should continue using American English.

to

Many people nowadays believe that the world should _______American English.

7.When it comes to complaining, Americans are practical and say what they want to say directly.

point

When it comes to complaining, Americans are practical and _______.

8.Getting your handshakes or embracing right can be another way of getting your verb endings straightened out.

bear

Getting your handshakes or _______ right can be another way of getting your verb endings straightened out.

9.I’ve more or less stopped getting handshake or embracing right and comfort myself that foreigners’ mistakes are forgivable.

up

I’ve more or less s_______ getting handshake or embracing right and comfort myself that foreigners’ mistakes are forgivable.

10.Taking off your jacket and rolling up your sleeves is a sign of starting work in

Britain and Holland, but in Germany people regard it as taking it easy. down

Taking off your jacket and rolling up your sleeves is a sign of _______work in Britain and Holland, but in Germany people regard it as taking it easy.

11. In the Middle East you should be careful about admiring anything in your hosts’ home ‘cos they will feel they have to give it to you.

take

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In the Middle East you should _______ not to admire anything in your hosts’ home ‘cos they will feel they have to give it to you.

12.For good shopping we recommend you to go along Oxford Street, the main shopping centre where the biggest Department Store of Marks and Spencer is situated.

take

For good shopping we recommend you _______along Oxford Street, the main shopping centre where the biggest Department Store of Marks and Spencer is situated.

13.In a shop you should wait you turn to be served.

queue

In a shop you should not _______to be served

14.In a pub people either pay for their own drinks or buy a ‘round’ for the whole group doing it one after the other.

turns

In a pub people either pay for their own drinks or buy a ‘round’ for the whole group_______.

15.One should never send a younger man to complete a business deal with an older Japanese man.

be

A younger man_______ to complete a business deal with an older Japanese man.

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EXAM PRACTICE 1

Task 1. Multiple choice. Read the text below and decide which answer А, В, С or D best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

EXAMPLE: 0 A character В credit С fame D reputation

English spelling

Why does English spelling have a (0)_______ for being difficult? English was first written down when Christian monks came to England in AngloSaxon (1)______. . They used the 23 letters of Latin to write down the sounds of Anglo-Saxon (2)______ as they heard it. However, English has a (3)______

range of basic sounds (over 40) than Latin. The alphabet was too small, and so combinations of letters were needed to (4)______ the different sounds. Inevitably, there were inconsistencies in the way that letters were combined.

With the Norman invasion of England, the English language was put

(5)______ risk. English survived, but the spelling of many English words changed to follow French (6)______, and many French words were (7)______

into the language. The result was more irregularity.

When the printing press was (8)______ in the fifteenth century, many early printers of English texts spoke other first languages. They (9)______ little effort to respect English spelling. Although one of the short-term (10)______

of printing was to produce a number of variant spellings, in the long term it created fixed spellings. People became used to seeing words spelt in the same way. Rules were (11)______, and dictionaries were put together which printers and writers could (12)_______ to. However, spoken English was not fixed and continued to change slowly - just as it still does now. Letters that were sounded in the Anglo-Saxon period, like the 'k' in 'knife', now became (13)_____ . Also, the pronunciation of vowels then had little in (14)______

with how they sound now, but the way they are spelt hasn't changed. No (15)______, then, that it is often difficult to see the link between sound and spelling.

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