Uchebnik_lakhotyuk_mikhaylova

Task 2. Open cloze. For questions 1-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A world language

The English language is big business: every day more and (0) ___more____

people around the world are learning English (1) _______ a foreign language and more and more people (2)_______ making a living from providing English in various forms, including teachers, writers and publishers. (3)_______ Britain, the English language is one of the country's

(4) _______ important sources of income.

English is quite unique in the history (5) _______ the word's languages: an amazing one in seven people in the world speak (6) _______ , which makes it undoubtedly the first world language in history. (7) _______ English, Latin, French and Greek were also to some extent international languages (8)

_______ none of them ever managed to reach either the number of users that English has (9) _______ the incredible range of situations in (10)

_______ English is used today. For example, 75% of the world's correspondence and 60% of the world's telephone conversations are carried (11) ______________ in English. Chinese also has a billion speakers, but (12) _______ a Chinese businessman meets a Spanish colleague at a conference, they (13)_______ almost certainly use English as the medium of communication, (14) _______ Chinese or Spanish. English has also become the language of science: two thirds of scientists write (15)_______ research papers in English and the majority of doctors in the world learn English as part of their studies.

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Task 3. Key word transformation.

Complete second sentence so that is has a similar meaning to the sentence. Use the word in bold and other words. Use between two and five words.

1.People say that smoking causes cancer. said

It__________ smoking causes cancer.

2.Nobody believes that Graham was responsible for the fire. not

Graham__________ responsible for the fire.

3.Does anyone consider that the prime minister is an honest man? by

Is the prime minister__________ an honest man?

4.Many people suppose that she is living in Australia.

be

She__________ living in Australia.

5. Apparently, nobody has been injured in the explosion. reported

Nobody is__________ in the explosion.

6.People say that Gordon is an excellent swimmer. to

Gordon__________ an excellent swimmer.

7.The police think that the burglar walked in through the front door. thought

It__________ walked in through the front door.

8.We understand that the headmaster is very upset.

to

The headmaster__________ very upset.

9.Scientists do not consider this chemical to be dangerous. to

This chemical__________ dangerous.

10.This man is known to be a criminal.

that

We__________ a criminal.

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Task 4. Error Correction

For questions 1-17, read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick (٧). If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word.

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Task 5. Word formation. For questions 1-16, read the text below. Use the word given in CAPITALS at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

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Task 6. READING COMPREHENSION

You are going to read an article about the subject of language. Choose from the list A-H the sentence which best summarises each part (1-6) of the article. There is one extra sentence which you don’t need to use. There is an example at the beginning.

AIs it really safe to judge people from the language they speak?

BDifferences between languages are decided by our environment.

CHaving fewer languages has always seemed to be a good thing in western culture.

DAll modern languages have their roots in a single, ancient tongue.

ELanguage is one of the ways we judge other people.

FWe do not know why the coming changes in languages will bring.

GOur language prompts us to interpret our environment and behave in particular ways.

HLanguages are disappearing at an alarming rate.

ALL TALKING WITH A SINGLE VOICE

Languages are dying out even as we speak … and one universal language might be the result.

(0) - E

(0) More than anything else, language influences the way we see the people around us. Try to remember the last time you heard French spoken. Perhaps you passed a group of tourists in the street, or you sat next to some French people on the bus. Even though you did not know them, you probably instantly formed an opinion about their personalities based on your view of the French language. Likewise, the time you overheard snatches of Russian or perhaps Japanese as you walked through the city, you unconsciously labeled the Russians and the Japanese with cultural stereotypes.

(1)

But it is very likely that your stereotypes wouldn’t have fitted the individuals you encountered so briefly. Indeed, the tourists speaking French might have been Belgians or Canadians; those speaking Russian could have been Lithuanians; and the ones speaking Japanese might have been doing so for the benefit of a distant relative from Tokyo.

(2)

Nevertheless, according to linguists our language does say a great deal about us. The existence of certain words, phrases and grammatical structures in a particular language influences the way speakers of the language perceive the world and so influences their entire outlook on life. Each language has its

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own personality, or “speech-feeling”, which limits its speakers to a certain way of thinking. According to this linguistic school of thought, it is not genes or culture, but “speech-feeling” that sets the French apart from the Finns and the Russians from the Romanians.

(3)

But is “speech-feeling” a good thing? Would the world be better off if we all spoke the same language? In the view of our Western Judaeo-Christian heritage, the answer is yes. Just remember the Biblical story of the Tower of Babel, which says that God forced people to speak many languages in order to reduce their power. During centuries of colonialism, European missionaries and administrators forced Third World people into giving up their own languages. In countries such as India, where many languages are spoken, such “simplification” is seen as a form of progress.

(4)

As a result of such policies, languages are dying. Of the world’s 6,000 or so tongues, half will disappear during the next century. More pessimistic estimates state that only about 200 languages, those protected as official languages or spoken by more than a million peole, will survive until the year 2,100 A.D. There are hundreds of languages which are spoken by fewer than 1,000 people and these will be the first to go.

(5)

History shows that having fewer languages does not necessarily mean more cooperation or fewer wars. Some of the worst bloodshed has occurred between nations with shared or similar languages. What history does not show is how such an incredible variety of languages came about. Most linguists speculate that as people moved to new areas of the world, their language changed s they adjusted to their new environment. Indeed, the expression used for natural phenomena and the environment offer the most striking differences between languages.

(6)

The real question is whether, as languages become fewer and more similar, our understanding of other cultures will become deeper. Will we be able to understand other people, and ourselves, better as our own language begins to take on words and phrases from other types of “speech-feeling”? We will probably never know the answer. All we know is that our language allows us to form our own world views, and that is a gift which all humans share.

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Task 7 READING COMPREHENSION You are going to read a newspaper article about language learning. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (). There is an example at the beginning (0).

A BILINGUAL APPROACH WITH AN EARLY START

The best time to learn a second language is when you are young; hence the popularity of primary and secondary schools which offer "bilingual education".

This term describes everything from an hour a day of a second language to classes that switch from one language in the mornings to another in the afternoons.

(0 _ H __)

With a few exceptions (Scandinavia, Luxembourg, Austria, and the Netherlands), the second language is usually introduced at secondary school.

More extensive bilingual programmes, where language learning is integrated into the general curriculum, are more often found in private schools which tend to have greater flexibility and more money. They tend to take one of three approaches.

(1 ___)

For example at the American International School of Florence, primary school lessons are taught in English, except for the language programme. Head Marc Greenside explained that there were two sections for language instruction: (2 ___)

"Host language country dominant", on the other hand, is when the basic language of instruction is that of the country where the school is situated. For example, the Centre International Valbonne in Southern France, uses French as its working language, although it does have classes in several other languages.

The third, most difficult approach is "fully bilingual". In primary schools the students may spend mornings learning their subjects in one language and afternoons in another.

(3 ___)

The Кос School in Turkey is one such school and is described as "bilingual and bicultural".

(4 ___)

A similar approach, but including three or even four languages, is found in the nine European schools run by the European Union for the children of its personnel.

(5___)

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Secondary school academic subjects are in these three languages and sometimes a fourth.

Are students in any way held back by the difficulties of such programmes? Eric Klauda, from the International School of Brussels, said: "I see bilingualism working here. Studies show that students who are bilingual are helped in their overall academic performance."

(6 ___)

Marc Greenside of AIS Florence, in response to the question said: "My feeling is that bilingual education is okay for the really strong student, but the average student winds up doing poorly in both languages."

However, Paul Decorvet of Geneva disagreed: "The problem arises when languages are taught in an academic way rather than the way they should be taught - actively, as a child learns a first language. You have to teach naturally, without stopping to translate."

A"We have Italian as a foreign language and an Italian programme designed for the native speakers. This second one teaches the children a little history, a little social studies, all in Italian."

ВThese children enter primary school in one of several sections based on their own first language. There is a choice of one of three languages (English, German or French) as the second language, and subjects are taught in both.

СSimilarly the American Institute in Moscow avoids using English at all in its curriculum. Instead, primary students are taught all subjects in Spanish and, on advancement to secondary school, the basic language of instruction is switched to Italian.

DMost state schools in Europe take the former approach. The preferred second language is generally English (except for the Flemish part of Belgium, where French dominates) and it is treated as an academic subject like maths or history.

EDespite his argument, however, secondary lessons at the school are held in English. This happens because of the need for students to do well in entry tests for American universities.

FIn this school, Turkish, fine arts, physical education, religion and social studies are taught in Turkish. Sciences, maths, and computer studies, however, are taught in English.

GAccording to "Host school language dominant" which is the first approach, the language of the school's operators is the basic language of instruction.

HAt secondary level the approach changes a little. Students may learn science in one language and history in the other.

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EXAM PRACTICE 2

Task 1. For questions 1-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE word in each space at the beginning (0). Write your answers in the answer boxes provided.

e.g. 0 whom

EUROKIDS

At the European school in Brussels the 3,500 pupils of (0) ________ are children of EU officials, are growing (1) ________ with European values. These children are living the European ideal – often speaking three or four languages and considering themselves to be European rather (2) ________

from one country exclusively. The school’s philosophy is that children from different countries must (3) _________ educated together and be made aware

(4) ________ the wide variety of cultures (5)________ co-exist in Europe. History or Geography classes (6)_______ never taught in the student’s mother (7)________ , in the hope that pupils will view their (8)_______

country more objectively and become more objective towards other countries. As a result, the pupils tend to be very broadminded, (9)_________. Some stereotypical prejudices do still exist. However, this hardly matters because the students still (10)_______ friends and, after a (11)________, nationality becomes irrelevant. The pupils see no contradiction (12)________

considering themselves European while being, for (13)________ British. But they do (14)________ a sense of alienation when they return home and are considered strangers by their own people. For them, however, the country (15)________ they live is not important, it’s where their friends are that matters.

Task 2. WORD FORMATION

For questions 1 -10, read the text below. Use the word given at the end of each line to for a word that fits in the space in the same line.

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Task 3. Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions.

Accents in Hollywood.

(1) ______ decades now, Hollywood has been making films with goodies and baddies. It’s all so simple as the world is divided up (2)______ light and dark, night and day, and good and evil. Traditionally the goodie is the goodlooking man or woman; and the baddie is the ugly one (3)______ smokes. Accents have also played an important part (4)______ identifying the goodies and the baddies.

Just a(5)_______ World War II the baddies were the ones (6)_______ heavy German accents. Then, (7)_______ the Cold War, they had east European accents. After the collapse (8)________ the Soviet Union, it was the turn

(9)_______ the South Africans. But more recently, it’s been the English. And the English accent most commonly used is a posh, upper-middle-class one.

If you’ve ever heard actors such (10)_______ Laurence Olivier, Jeremy Irons, and James Mason, or people such (11)_______ Prince Charles and the Queen speaking in English, you’ll know which accent we’re talking (12)_______. For many British and American people this accent has a ring (13)_______ sophistication, cruelty and evil about it. It’s symptomatic (14)______ arrogance and snobbishness, and it’s the accent most associated (15)_______ the image of the English (16)_______ cold, calculating and superior.

So which films have baddies (17)_______ posh English accents? There are lots of them to choose (18)_______. Rob Roy is a good example (19)_______ English actor Tim Roth as the sadistic English gentleman who rapes, kills and steals his way across Scotland. Another film to watch out for

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