- •Міністерство освіти і науки України
- •Contents
- •The Future-In-The-Past Tense……………………………………………………………..45 the present indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Present Indefinite.
- •1. The Present Indefinite is formed from the infinitive without the particle to.
- •3. The contracted negative forms are:
- •4. To denote actions and states continuing at the moment of speaking (with stative and relational verbs).
- •11. To denote future actions in adverbial clauses of concession after conjunctions
- •12. To denote past actions in newspapers headlines.
- •3. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Indications of time are not necessary.
- •VII. Verbs denoting effect or influence: astonish, impress, please, satisfy, surprise. Feel, look, smell and taste used in the continuous forms
- •2. Look
- •3. Smell
- •4.Taste
- •See and hear used in the continuous forms
- •Think, assume and expect used in the continuous forms
- •The past indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Past Indefinite.
- •Verbs ending in -e add -d only:
- •3. The contracted negative forms are:
- •If the period is over or reference is made to a particular past point of time within that
- •8. To express a future action viewed from the past. This use is found in reported speech and
- •4. The contracted negative forms are:
- •5. The negative- interrogative forms are:
- •II. The use of the Past Continuous.
- •1. It serves to express an action which is going on at a given moment in the past.
- •2. The Past Continuous is used to express an action going on at a given period of time in the past.
- •The future indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Future Indefinite Tense
- •1. The Future Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verbs shall/will
- •II. The conracted negative forms are:
- •3. To denote future habitual actions which we assume will take place.
- •3. The contracted negative forms are:
- •4. The negative-interrogative forms are:
- •II. The use of the Future Continuous.
- •1. The Future Continuous is used to denote an action which will be going on at a definite moment in the future.
- •2. The Future Continuous is very often used in modern English in the same meaning as the Future Indefinite, I. E. To denote a future action.
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •I. The formation of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Had he not worked?
- •Hadn’t you worked?
- •III. The use of the Past Perfect
- •The Squire was purple with anger before his son had done speaking.
- •In negative sentences:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •1. The past moment from which the action expressed by the Past Perfect Continuous is viewed may be indicated:
- •The future perfect tense
- •I. The formation of thePerfect Continuous Tense
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Will he not have worked?
- •Shan’t we have worked?
- •III. The use of the Future Perfect
- •The future perfect continuous tense
- •I. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Appendix
- •I. Some spelling rules
- •I. Doubling the final consonant.
- •II. Mute Final e.
- •III. Final -y and Its Modifications.
Міністерство освіти і науки України
Одеський національний університет ім. І. І. Мечникова
Інститут соціальних наук
О.М. Набока
Н.О. Коваль
ENGLISH TENSES
THEORY
«Астропринт»
Одеса
2006
Автори-укладачі: О.М. Набока , доцент кафедри іноземних мов гуманітарних
факультетів ОНУ;
Н.О. Коваль, викладач кафедри іноземних мов гуманітарних факультетів ОНУ;
Друкується за рішенням Вченої ради Інституту соціальних наук Одеського національного університету ім. І. І. Мечникова
Протокол № ____ від _________ 2006 р.
Contents
The Present Indefinite Tense……………………………………………………………….4
The Present Continuous Tense……………………………………………………………..8
The Present Perfect Tense……………………………………………………………….. 30
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense…………………………………………………….33
The Past Indefinite Tense…………………………………………………………………15
The Past Continuous Tense……………………………………………………………….20
The Past Perfect Tense……………………………………………………………………36
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense………………………………………………………39
The Future Indefinite Tense……………………………………………………………….26
The Future Continuous Tense…………………………………………………………….29
The Future Perfect Tense …………………………………………………………………41
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense …………………………………………………….43
The Future-In-The-Past Tense……………………………………………………………..45 the present indefinite (simple) tense
I. The formation of the Present Indefinite.
1. The Present Indefinite is formed from the infinitive without the particle to.
The third person singular adds –s; -es to the Infinitive.
2. The interrogative and the negative forms are formed by means of the Present
Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to do and the infinitive of the notional verb
without the particle to.
Affirmative Interrogative Negative
I work Do I work? I do not work
He works Does he work? He does not work
She works Does she work? She does not work
We work Do we work? We do not work
You work Do you work? You do not work
They work Do they work? They do not work
3. The contracted negative forms are:
I don’t work
He doesn’t work
They don’t work
4. The negative-interrogative forms are:
Do you not work?
Don’t you work?
Does he not work?
Doesn’t he work?
II. SPELLING NOTES
Verbs ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x and -о add es, instead of s alone, to form the third person singular:
I kiss, he kisses I box, he boxes
I rush, he rushes I do, he does
I watch, he watches I go, he goes
When -у follows a consonant we change the у into i and add -es:
I carry, he carries
I copy, he copies
I try, he tries
but verbs ending in у following a vowel obey the usual rule:
I obey, he obeys
I say, he says
III. The Present Indefinite is used in the following cases:
1. to denote habitual actions, to state facts in the present.
I live in St.-Petersburg.
Most dogs bark.
2. to state general rules or laws of nature, that is to show that something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future.
Snow melts at 0 C.
Two plus two makes four.
3. to denote recurrent actions or everyday activity. This use is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency as often
seldom
sometimes
occasionally
always
never
ever
every year ( week, month, day )
usually
once ( twice, thrice ) a year
daily
on Sundays and the like
He usually wakes up around six o’clock and has his cup of coffee.
On Sundays we stay at home.
Do you often go to the dancing hall?