- •Оглавление
- •От авторов
- •Grammar: The article (артикль)
- •Reading
- •A day in the life of an international student
- •I am a student
- •Grammar: Types of questions (типы вопросов)
- •Question words (вопросительные слова)
- •Reading
- •A new student
- •Margaret Thatcher
- •John Edgar Hoover, FBI Director
- •Reading
- •A brave Woman
- •Grammar: Construction there is /there are
- •Reading
- •John Jay College of Criminal Justice
- •Moscow University of the Interior of the Russian Federation.
- •Militia officers
- •Grammar: The perfect tenses (времена группы Perfect)
- •Grammar: The Articles (артикли)
- •Reading
- •Moscow
- •Grammar: Modal verbs
- •Reading
- •Business etiquette for police executives
- •Policing a culturally diverse society
- •Word formation: Conversion (конверсия)
- •Reading
- •General information: the Russian Federation
- •State system of the Russian Federation
- •Court system of the Russian Federation: part 1
- •Court system of the Russian Federation: part 2
- •Branches of law of the Russian Federation
- •The Procurator's Office
- •Grammar: The participle (причастие)
- •Reading
- •Great Britain
- •The Monarch in the UK
- •Parliament
- •Elections
- •Making new laws
- •The Courts in the UK
- •Word formation: Prefixes (приставки)
- •Grammar: Passive voice (пассивный залог)
- •Reading
- •General information about the USA
- •US President
- •The US Constitution
- •Federal Court System
- •The judicial system of the USA
- •State Courts
- •Lower courts in the USA
- •The marshals
- •History of Law
- •Reading
- •A girl missing
- •A car accident
- •Too young to drive
- •Scottish soccer fans riot after loss
- •A foreigner in trouble
- •Traffic violations
- •Grammar: The nouns evidence, news,…
- •Grammar: The infinitive (инфинитив)
- •Grammar: The construction to have something done
- •Reading
- •A consolation
- •Burglary
- •Identification of suspects
- •Interviewing a witness
- •Reading
- •The UK police
- •The oath of the British constable
- •Structure of the American police
- •Top police cars
- •Supplementary reading
- •Grammar: Complex object (сложное дополнение)
- •Reading
- •New command and control system
- •WANTED FOR: Bank Robbery
- •The Federal Bureau of Investigation
- •Supplementary reading
- •Word formation: Suffix -able
- •Grammar: The -ing forms
- •Grammar: The gerund (герундий)
- •Reading
- •Types of crimes
- •«I'll be free in weeks», says killer Bamber.
- •An extract from the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
- •Supplementary reading
- •Grammar: Conjunctions (союзы)
- •Reading
- •Search Warrant
- •The use of force and firearms
- •Police investigations
- •Human rights
- •Arrest and detention
- •Police brutality
- •Arrest
- •Supplementary reading
- •Grammar: Punctuation (пунктуация)
- •Reading
- •Civil law vs. Common law
- •Criminal justice and criminal proceedings in the UK
- •This way! That way!
- •Criminal court proceedings
- •Criminal Justice Process
- •Supplementary reading
- •Grammar: Cleft sentences (предложения с усилительной конструкцией)
- •TREATMENT OF OFFENDERS
- •Reading
- •The forms of state punishment in Great Britain
- •Capital punishment
- •Retribution
- •Prison population
- •Supplementary reading
- •Grammar: The verbs to insist, to suggest
- •Reading
- •Is prison an answer?
- •Non-custodial types of punishment
- •Treating juveniles
- •Treating women
- •Drug — related offences
- •Electronic monitoring — alternatives to incarceration
- •Supplementary reading
- •Grammar: Complex subject (сложное подлежащее)
- •Reading
- •Interpol
- •Europol
- •Organized crime
- •Cybercrime
- •Jargon
- •Victimology
- •Customs examination
- •Supplementary reading
- •Grammar: Subjunctive mood (part 1) (сослагательное наклонение)
- •Grammar: Subjunctive mood (part 2) (сослагательное наклонение)
- •Reading
- •Militia of the Russian Federation.
- •Public security militia
- •Criminal militia
- •Militia and public confidence
- •POLICE OFFICER RECRUITS
- •Supplementary reading
- •SUPPLEMENTARY READING
- •Grammar reference
- •Appendix 1
- •Appendix 2
- •Appendix 3
- •Appendix 4
- •GLOSSARY
- •Литература
Exercise 2 Read and translate these words into Russian.
toѝacquitѝ—ѝacquittalѝ toѝdefendѝ—ѝdefendantѝ—ѝdefenderѝ—ѝdefenseѝ—ѝdefensiveѝ toѝprosecuteѝ—ѝprosecutionѝ—ѝprosecutorѝ toѝinvestigateѝ—ѝinvestigationѝ—ѝinvestigatorѝ—ѝinvestigativeѝ toѝsuspectѝ—ѝsuspicionѝ—ѝsuspiciousѝ—ѝsuspectѝ toѝprosecuteѝ—ѝprosecutionѝ—ѝprosecutorѝ toѝaccuseѝ—ѝaccusationѝ—ѝtheѝaccusedѝ—ѝaccusingѝ toѝtryѝ—ѝtrialѝ
Reading
Before you read, answer these questions.
1.ѝDoѝyouѝrememberѝwhatѝcivilѝlawѝis?ѝ 2.ѝWhatѝareѝtheѝmainѝinstitutionsѝofѝcivilѝlaw?ѝ
Exercise 1 Read the text.
Civil law vs. Common law
Civilѝlawѝisѝprimarilyѝcontrastedѝagainstѝcommonѝlaw,ѝwhichѝisѝtheѝlegalѝ systemѝdevelopedѝamongѝAnglophoneѝpeople,ѝespeciallyѝinѝEngland.ѝ
Theѝoriginalѝdifferenceѝisѝthat,ѝhistorically,ѝcommonѝlawѝwasѝlawѝdevelopedѝbyѝcustom,ѝbeginningѝbeforeѝthereѝwereѝanyѝwrittenѝlawsѝandѝcontinuingѝ toѝ beѝ appliedѝ byѝ courtsѝ afterѝ thereѝ wereѝ writtenѝ laws,ѝ too,ѝ whereasѝcivilѝlawѝdevelopedѝoutѝofѝtheѝRomanѝlawѝofѝJustinian'sѝCorpusѝ JurisѝCivilisѝ(BodyѝofѝCivilѝLaw).ѝ
Inѝlaterѝtimes,ѝcivilѝlawѝbecameѝcodifiedѝasѝdroitѝcoutumierѝorѝcustomaryѝlawsѝthatѝwereѝlocalѝcompilationsѝofѝlegalѝprinciplesѝrecognizedѝasѝ normative.ѝ Sparkedѝbyѝ theѝ ageѝofѝEnlightenment,ѝ attemptsѝ toѝ codifyѝ privateѝlawѝbeganѝduringѝtheѝsecondѝhalfѝofѝtheѝ18thѝcentury,ѝbutѝcivilѝ codesѝwithѝaѝlastingѝinfluenceѝwereѝpromulgatedѝonlyѝafterѝtheѝFrenchѝ Revolutionѝ
Vocabulary
droitѝcoutumierѝѝ обычноеѝправоѝ ageѝofѝEnlightenmentѝ эпохаѝПросвещенияѝ
267
Exercise 2 Find in the text the English equivalents for these word combinations.
противопоставлятьѝчему-либо;ѝразвиваться;ѝпервоначальнаяѝразница;ѝ писаныеѝзаконы;ѝприменятьсяѝсудами;ѝвѝтоѝвремяѝкака;ѝкодифицироватьѝправо;ѝпризнанныеѝвѝкачествеѝнорматива;ѝраспространятьсяѝ
Exercise 3 Complete these sentences.
1.ѝCivilѝlawѝisѝprimarilyѝcontrastedѝ________________.ѝ 2.ѝHistorically,ѝ_________________ѝwasѝlawѝdevelopedѝbyѝcustom.ѝ 3.ѝCivilѝlawѝdevelopedѝoutѝofѝtheѝ_________________.ѝ 4.ѝInѝlaterѝtimes,ѝcivilѝlawѝbecameѝ_______________ѝasѝcustomaryѝlaws.ѝ
5.ѝCustomaryѝlawsѝwereѝlocalѝcompilationsѝofѝ___________ѝrecognizedѝasѝѝ
ѝѝѝѝѝѝnormative.ѝѝ 6.ѝAttemptsѝtoѝcodifyѝprivatѝlawѝbeganѝ_______________________.ѝ 7.ѝCivilѝlawsѝwithѝaѝlastingѝinfluenceѝ__________________________.ѝ
Exercise 4 The table below contains essential disparities (and in some cases similarities) between the world's four major legal systems. Study the table and be ready to speak on the legal system of the RF, the USA and Great Britain in comparison.
MAJOR LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD
ѝ |
Commonѝ |
CivilѝLawѝ |
SocialistѝLawѝ |
IslamicѝLawѝ |
|
Lawѝ |
|
(Mixed)ѝ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Anglo- |
Continental,ѝ |
Communistѝ |
Religiousѝlawѝ |
Otherѝnamesѝ |
American,ѝ |
Romanѝ |
|
|
English,ѝ |
|
|
|
|
|
judge-madeѝ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Judicialѝin- |
Codeѝ |
Codeѝ |
Sacredѝreli- |
Sourceѝofѝlawѝ |
terpretationѝ |
|
|
giousѝdocu- |
|
andѝlegisla- |
|
|
mentѝ |
|
tionѝ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Controlѝ |
Judgesѝdomi- |
Judgesѝ |
Secondaryѝroleѝ |
Lawyersѝ |
courtroomѝ |
nateѝtrialsѝ |
dominateѝ |
|
|
|
|
trialsѝ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
268
ѝ |
Commonѝ |
CivilѝLawѝ |
SocialistѝLawѝ |
IslamicѝLawѝ |
|
|
Lawѝ |
|
(Mixed)ѝ |
|
|
|
Formerѝ |
Careerѝbu- |
Careerѝbu- |
Religiousѝasѝ |
|
Judges'ѝ |
practicingѝ |
reaucratsѝ |
reaucrats,ѝ |
wellѝasѝlegalѝ |
|
qualificationsѝ |
lawyersѝ |
|
Partyѝmem- |
trainingѝ |
|
|
|
|
bersѝ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Degreeѝofѝ |
Highѝ |
Insulatedѝ |
Veryѝlimitedѝ |
Veryѝlimitedѝ |
|
judicialѝinde- |
|
fromѝregimeѝ |
|
|
|
pendenceѝ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oftenѝavail- |
Mixedѝtribu- |
Oftenѝusedѝatѝ |
Notѝallowedѝ |
|
Juriesѝ |
ableѝatѝtrialѝ |
nalsѝinѝseriousѝ |
lowestѝlevelѝ |
|
|
levelѝ |
casesѝ |
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Courtsѝshareѝ |
Courtsѝhaveѝ |
Courtsѝareѝ |
Courtsѝandѝ |
|
Policy- |
inѝbalancingѝ |
equalѝbutѝ |
subordinateѝ |
otherѝgovern- |
|
powerѝ |
separateѝ |
toѝtheѝlegisla- |
mentѝbranchesѝ |
||
makingѝroleѝ |
|||||
|
|
powerѝ |
tureѝ |
areѝsubordinateѝ |
|
|
|
|
|
toѝtheѝShari»aѝ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Australia,ѝ |
France,ѝGer- |
Cuba,ѝChina,ѝ |
SaudiѝArabiaѝ |
|
|
England,ѝ |
many,ѝJapan,ѝ |
USSRѝ |
|
|
Examplesѝ |
USA,ѝCan- |
Mexicoѝ |
|
|
|
|
ada,ѝPaki- |
|
|
|
|
|
stan,ѝIndiaѝ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reading
Before you read, answer and debate the following questions.
1.Doѝcriminalѝjusticeѝandѝcriminalѝproceedingsѝdifferѝsignificantlyѝinѝ theѝUS,ѝUKѝandѝtheѝRussianѝFederation?ѝѝ
2.Whatѝisѝdifferentѝfromѝyourѝpointѝofѝview?ѝ
269
Exercise 1 Read the text.
Criminal justice and criminal proceedings in the UK
Likeѝotherѝsocieties,ѝtheѝUKѝhasѝaѝcriminalѝjusticeѝsystemѝtoѝenforceѝtheѝ lawsѝprotectingѝindividualsѝandѝtheѝentireѝsociety.ѝTheѝsystemѝoperatesѝ byѝ identifying,ѝ apprehending,ѝ prosecuting,ѝ convictingѝ andѝ sentencingѝ peopleѝwhoѝviolateѝtheѝlawsѝofѝtheѝnationѝandѝofѝitsѝvariousѝstates.ѝ
Prosecutionѝ
Theѝpoliceѝinvestigateѝaѝcrimeѝandѝmayѝapprehendѝsuspectsѝandѝdetainѝ themѝinѝcustody.ѝIfѝtheѝpoliceѝdecideѝanѝoffenderѝshouldѝbeѝprosecuted,ѝ aѝfileѝonѝtheѝcaseѝisѝsentѝtoѝtheѝCrownѝProsecutionѝServiceѝ(CPS)ѝ—ѝtheѝ nationalѝprosecutionѝserviceѝforѝEnglandѝandѝWales.ѝѝ
Criminalѝproceedingsѝcanѝbeѝinitiatedѝeitherѝbyѝtheѝservingѝofѝaѝsummonsѝsettingѝoutѝtheѝoffenceѝandѝrequiringѝtheѝaccusedѝtoѝattendѝcourt,ѝ or,ѝinѝmoreѝseriousѝcases,ѝbyѝaѝwarrantѝofѝarrestѝissuedѝbyѝaѝMagistrates»ѝ Court.ѝLawyersѝfromѝtheѝCPSѝmayѝactѝasѝpublicѝprosecutors.ѝѝ
Categoriesѝofѝcriminalѝoffenceѝ
«Thereѝareѝthreeѝcategoriesѝofѝcriminalѝoffence.ѝSummaryѝoffences,ѝtriedѝ withoutѝaѝjury,ѝareѝminorѝcrimesѝonlyѝtriableѝinѝtheѝMagistrates»ѝCourt.ѝ
Indictableѝ(notifiable)ѝoffencesѝareѝseriousѝcrimes,ѝsuchѝasѝmurder,ѝwhichѝ canѝonlyѝbeѝheardѝinѝtheѝCrownѝCourt.ѝTheѝformalѝdocumentѝcontainingѝ theѝallegedѝoffences,ѝsupportedѝbyѝfacts,ѝisѝcalledѝtheѝindictment.ѝ
Suchѝcasesѝasѝtheftѝorѝburglaryѝareѝtriableѝeitherѝway.ѝ
Ifѝtheѝdefendantѝpleadsѝguilty,ѝtheѝMagistrates»ѝCourtѝcanѝeitherѝproceedѝtoѝsentenceѝorѝcommitѝtoѝtheѝCrownѝCourtѝforѝsentence,ѝwhereѝ moreѝsevereѝpenaltiesѝareѝavailable.ѝIfѝthereѝisѝaѝnotѝguiltyѝplea,ѝtheѝpersonѝchargedѝmayѝrequestѝaѝtrialѝbyѝjury.ѝSuchѝcasesѝareѝheardѝinѝtheѝ CrownѝCourt.ѝ
Exercise 2 Find in the text the English equivalents for these words and word combinations.
общество;ѝзадержать;ѝпреследоватьѝвѝсудебномѝпорядке;ѝпризнатьѝ виновным,ѝвынестиѝприговор;ѝсодержатьѝподѝстражей;ѝматериалыѝ дела;ѝпрокуратураѝВеликобритании;ѝвыписатьѝповесткуѝвѝсуд;ѝуказатьѝправонарушение;ѝвыдатьѝордерѝнаѝарест/ѝвыписатьѝповестку;ѝ государственныйѝобвинитель;ѝпризнатьѝвину;ѝстрогоеѝнаказаниеѝ
270
Exercise 3 Match these terms with their definitions.
1.ѝaѝsummonsѝ a)ѝaѝcourtѝdocumentѝauthorizingѝtheѝpoliceѝtoѝdetainѝ
|
someoneѝ |
2.ѝaѝwarrantѝ |
b)ѝaѝwrittenѝstatementѝthatѝaccuseѝsbѝofѝsthѝofficiallyѝ |
3.ѝsummaryѝѝ |
c)ѝaѝwrittenѝstatementѝwithѝdetailsѝofѝtheѝcrimesѝsome- |
ѝѝѝѝoffencesѝ |
oneѝisѝchargedѝwithѝ |
4.ѝnotifiableѝѝ |
d)ѝaѝstatementѝmadeѝbyѝtheѝpersonѝcharged,ѝwhereѝtheѝ |
ѝѝѝѝoffencesѝ |
defendantѝ admitsѝ theѝ factѝ ofѝ havingѝ committedѝ theѝ |
|
offenceѝ |
5.ѝtheѝindict-ѝ e)ѝseriousѝoffencesѝ triedѝ publiclyѝwithѝformalѝ proce-
ѝѝѝѝmentѝ dureѝ
6.ѝaѝguiltyѝpleaѝ f)ѝoffencesѝtheѝcanѝbeѝtriedѝimmediatelyѝwithoutѝfor-
|
malѝprocedureѝ |
ѝ |
g)ѝanѝorderѝtoѝappearѝinѝaѝlawѝcourtѝ |
Exercise 4 Insert appropriate prepositions where necessary.
1.Theѝdefendantѝisѝchargedѝ___ѝanѝoffenseѝasѝaѝresultѝ___ѝaѝformalѝ complaintѝissuedѝ___ѝaѝlawѝenforcementѝagentѝorѝaѝcitizenѝwhoѝbelievesѝanѝoffenseѝhasѝbeenѝcommittedѝ___ѝtheirѝpersonѝorѝproperty.ѝ
2.Arrestsѝcanѝoccurѝ___ѝtheѝsceneѝ___ѝaѝcrimeѝorѝbasedѝ___ѝwarrantsѝ orѝswornѝstatementsѝorderingѝaѝcourtѝappearance.ѝ
3.Criminalѝ proceedingsѝ canѝ alsoѝ beѝ initiatedѝ ___ѝ theѝ servingѝ ___ѝ aѝ summonsѝorѝnoticeѝѝ
1.settingѝoutѝtheѝoffenceѝandѝrequiringѝtheѝaccusedѝtoѝattendѝ___ѝcourt.ѝ
4.Summaryѝoffences,ѝtriedѝ___ѝaѝjury,ѝareѝminorѝcrimesѝonlyѝtriableѝ
___ѝtheѝMagistrates»ѝCourt.ѝ
5.Indictableѝoffencesѝcanѝonlyѝbeѝheardѝ___ѝtheѝCrownѝCourtѝ
6.Lawyersѝ ___ѝ theѝ Crownѝ Prosecutionѝ Serviceѝ mayѝ actѝ ___ѝ publicѝ prosecutors.ѝѝ
Exercise 5 Answer the following questions.
1.ѝHowѝareѝcriminalѝproceedingsѝinitiated?ѝ 2.ѝWhatѝisѝtheѝnationalѝprosecutionѝserviceѝforѝEnglandѝandѝWales?ѝ 3.ѝWhatѝinformationѝdoesѝaѝsummonsѝsetsѝout?ѝ 4.ѝWhichѝareѝtheѝthreeѝcategoriesѝofѝcriminalѝoffence?ѝ 5.ѝWhereѝisѝtheѝcaseѝtoѝbeѝtried,ѝifѝtheѝdefendantѝpleadsѝguilty?ѝ
271