Grammar: Passive voice (пассивный залог)

Глагол-сказуемоеѝ вѝ Passiveѝ Voiceѝ показывает,ѝ чтоѝ подлежащееѝ предложенияѝнеѝявляетсяѝдействующимѝлицом,ѝа,ѝнаоборот,ѝобозначаетѝлицоѝилиѝпредмет,ѝнаѝкоторыйѝнаправленоѝдействие,ѝвыраженноеѝсказуемым.ѝ

Iѝamѝasked.ѝ—ѝМеняѝспрашивают.ѝ

Вѝанглийскомѝязыкеѝвсеѝвременаѝстрадательногоѝзалогаѝобразуютсяѝпоѝобщемуѝправилу:ѝ

to be+Participle II

*ѝSeeѝGrammarѝreferenceѝ

Exercise 1 Choose the correct verb form in brackets.

1.Theѝpresidentѝ(appoints/isѝappointed)ѝtheseѝjudges.ѝ

2.Theѝcriminalѝ(brought/wasѝbrought)ѝtoѝjustice.ѝ

3.Theѝdefendantѝ(found/wasѝfound)ѝguilty.ѝ

4.Theѝjuryѝ(uses/isѝused)ѝinѝtheѝmostѝseriousѝcases.ѝ

5.TheѝUSAѝ(divides/isѝdivided)ѝintoѝtwelveѝjudicialѝcircuitsѝѝ

6.TheѝSupremeѝCourtѝ(consists/isѝconsisted)ѝofѝtheѝChiefѝJusticeѝofѝtheѝ USAѝandѝtenѝAssociateѝJustices.ѝ

7.TheѝSupremeѝCourtѝhasѝtheѝrightѝtoѝdeclareѝunconstitutionalѝsomeѝ lawsѝtheѝCongressѝ(passes/areѝpassed).ѝ

8.Mostѝofѝtheѝcriminalѝandѝcivilѝcasesѝ(try/areѝtried)ѝbyѝdistrictѝcourts.ѝ

9.Theѝappealѝfromѝtheѝlowerѝcourtѝ(isѝhearing/isѝbeingѝheard)ѝinѝtheѝ CourtѝofѝAppealsѝnow.ѝ

10.Newѝlawsѝ(pass/areѝpassed)ѝbyѝCongressmen.ѝ

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Exercise 2 Choose the correct verb form to fill in the blanks.

1.ѝTheѝsuspectѝ_____________ѝtomorrow.ѝ a)ѝisѝapprehended;ѝb)ѝwasѝapprehendedѝc)ѝwillѝbeѝapprehendedѝ

2.ѝTheѝjuvenileѝdelinquentѝ_____________ѝbyѝhisѝparentsѝyesterday.ѝ a)ѝwasѝapprehended;ѝb)ѝisѝapprehended;ѝc)ѝwillѝbeѝapprehendedѝ

3.ѝHeѝoftenѝ____________ѝtoѝworkѝbyѝcompanyѝcar.ѝ a)ѝisѝtaken;ѝb)ѝwasѝtaken;ѝc)ѝwillѝbeѝtakenѝ

4.ѝHisѝchoiceѝtoѝbecomeѝaѝpolicemanѝwasѝ___________ѝbyѝhisѝfather.ѝ a)ѝblocked;ѝb)ѝorganized;ѝc)ѝissued;ѝd)ѝapprovedѝ

Exercise 3 Complete the gaps using the verb in brackets in the passive.

1.Muchѝofѝtheѝlegislationѝ_____ѝ(toѝrecommend)ѝtoѝtheѝCongressѝbyѝtheѝPresident.ѝ

2.Mostѝofѝtheѝcriminalѝandѝcivilѝcasesѝ___________ѝ(toѝtry)ѝbyѝtheѝdistrictѝcourts.ѝ

3.TheѝUSAѝ_______ѝ(toѝdivide)ѝintoѝ50ѝstates,ѝeachѝoneѝhasѝitsѝownѝconstitution.ѝ

4.TheѝResolutionѝ__________ѝ(toѝdiscuss)ѝwhenѝtheѝPresidentѝsuddenlyѝenteredѝtheѝCongressѝhall.ѝ

5.TheѝnewѝPresidentѝ____________ѝ(toѝelect)ѝalready.ѝ

6.Theѝfirstѝtenѝamendmentsѝ___________ѝ(toѝadopt)ѝbyѝCongressѝinѝ1791ѝandѝ (toѝratify)ѝbyѝtheѝstates.ѝ

7.InѝtheѝUSA,ѝelectionsѝofѝtheѝPresidentѝ_________ѝ(toѝhold)ѝeveryѝfourѝyears.ѝ

8.Theѝdecisionѝ_______ѝ(toѝbeѝmade)ѝuntilѝtheѝnextѝmeetingѝofѝtheѝGovernment.ѝ

9.Thisѝbillѝ___________ѝ(toѝdebate)ѝnowѝinѝtheѝCongress,ѝbutѝitѝseemsѝtheyѝareѝ notѝgoingѝtoѝadoptѝit.ѝ

10.Thisѝdecisionѝofѝtheѝofficialѝcan'tѝ_______________ѝ(toѝbeѝexplained).ѝ

Exercise 4 Translate the sentences into English:

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Reading

яция)ѝ

FederalѝCourtsѝ

Yourѝchancesѝofѝgoingѝbeforeѝaѝfederalѝ courtѝ judgeѝ areѝ slim.ѝ Mostѝ casesѝ areѝ heardѝinѝstateѝcourts.ѝ

DistrictѝCourtsѝ

TheѝUnitedѝStatesѝisѝdividedѝintoѝ12ѝ districts,ѝorѝcircuits,ѝandѝwithinѝeachѝ areѝ federalѝ districtѝ courts,ѝ whichѝ areѝ trialѝcourts.ѝAtѝleastѝoneѝofѝtheѝ94ѝfederalѝ districtѝ courtsѝ isѝ inѝ everyѝ state.ѝ

Theyѝhandleѝbothѝcivilѝandѝcriminalѝcases,ѝbutѝtheyѝhaveѝjurisdictionѝ onlyѝinѝcertainѝdisputes:ѝ

whenѝaѝfederalѝlawѝisѝatѝissueѝ

whenѝtheѝUnitedѝStatesѝisѝaѝpartyѝtoѝtheѝlawsuitѝ

whenѝoneѝstateѝisѝsuingѝanotherѝstateѝ

whenѝaѝresidentѝofѝoneѝstateѝisѝsuingѝaѝresidentѝofѝanotherѝstateѝ andѝmoreѝthanѝ$50,000ѝisѝinvolvedѝ

Federalѝdistrictѝcourtѝjudgesѝareѝappointedѝbyѝtheѝpresidentѝforѝlife,ѝbutѝ theyѝcanѝbeѝimpeachedѝbyѝtheѝHouseѝofѝRepresentativesѝandѝconvictedѝ byѝtheѝSenate.ѝ

Thereѝ areѝ alsoѝ fourѝ typesѝ ofѝ limitedѝ jurisdictionѝ federalѝ courts:ѝ theѝ Unitedѝ Statesѝ Bankruptcyѝ Courts,ѝ theѝ Unitedѝ Statesѝ Taxѝ Court,ѝ theѝ UnitedѝStatesѝCourtѝofѝClaimsѝ(whichѝhearsѝsuitsѝagainstѝtheѝfederalѝ government),ѝ andѝ theѝ Unitedѝ Statesѝ Courtѝ ofѝ Internationalѝ Tradeѝ (whichѝhearsѝdisputesѝrelatingѝtoѝtariffsѝandѝcustoms).ѝ

ѝ

ѝ

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ѝ

UnitedѝStatesѝCircuitѝCourtsѝofѝAppealѝ

Thereѝareѝ12ѝcircuitѝcourtsѝofѝappealѝinѝtheѝfederalѝsystem,ѝoneѝforѝeachѝ circuitѝorѝdistrict.ѝIfѝaѝdistrictѝcourtѝissuesѝaѝrulingѝagainstѝyou,ѝyouѝcanѝ fileѝanѝappealѝwithѝtheѝappellateѝcourtѝinѝyourѝcircuit.ѝIfѝtheѝcourtѝofѝ appealsѝagreesѝwithѝtheѝdecisionѝofѝtheѝdistrictѝcourt,ѝyourѝlastѝavenueѝofѝ appealѝisѝtoѝtheѝU.S.ѝSupremeѝCourt.ѝTheѝcircuitѝcourtѝofѝappealsѝhearsѝ casesѝfromѝtheѝdistrictѝcourts,ѝasѝwellѝasѝtheѝspecialѝjurisdictionѝcourts.ѝѝ

TheѝSupremeѝCourtѝ

TheѝU.S.ѝSupremeѝCourt,ѝtheѝnation'sѝhighestѝcourt,ѝhasѝnineѝjustices,ѝ eachѝappointedѝbyѝtheѝpresidentѝtoѝserveѝforѝlife.ѝItѝconsidersѝcasesѝfromѝ theѝhighestѝcourtsѝofѝeachѝstate,ѝinvolvingѝaѝconstitutionalityѝquestion;ѝ theѝU.S.ѝCourtѝofѝAppeals;ѝandѝtheѝU.S.ѝCourtѝofѝCustomsѝandѝPatentѝ Appeals.ѝ

OnlyѝtwoѝtypesѝofѝcasesѝmayѝoriginateѝinѝtheѝU.S.ѝSupremeѝCourt:ѝthoseѝ inѝwhichѝaѝstateѝgovernmentѝisѝoneѝofѝtheѝpartiesѝandѝthoseѝinvolvingѝ ambassadorsѝandѝforeignѝofficials.ѝMostѝofѝtheѝcasesѝheardѝbeforeѝtheѝ SupremeѝCourtѝcomeѝbyѝwayѝofѝaѝpetitionѝfromѝindividualsѝaskingѝthatѝ theѝCourtѝhearѝargumentsѝforѝaѝcaseѝpreviouslyѝtriedѝinѝaѝlowerѝcourt.ѝ TheѝSupremeѝCourt'sѝdecisionѝisѝfinal.ѝ

TheѝMilitaryѝJusticeѝSystemѝ

Membersѝofѝtheѝarmedѝservicesѝwhoѝcommitѝaѝviolationѝofѝmilitaryѝlawsѝ areѝunderѝtheѝjurisdictionѝofѝtheѝmilitaryѝjusticeѝsystem.ѝForѝexample,ѝ serviceѝpeopleѝwhoѝdesertѝorѝotherwiseѝdisobeyѝordersѝcanѝbeѝorderedѝbyѝ theirѝcommandingѝofficersѝtoѝfaceѝaѝcourt-martial.ѝIfѝtheѝviolationѝisѝ alsoѝaѝcrimeѝunderѝcivilianѝlaw,ѝsuchѝasѝmurder,ѝserviceѝpeopleѝwillѝbeѝ triedѝinѝtheѝstateѝorѝfederalѝcourtѝsystemѝasѝwell.ѝ

Exercise 2 Find in the text the English equivalents for these words and word combinations.

окружнойѝ суд;ѝ рассматриватьѝ дела;ѝ явитьсяѝ предметомѝ спора;ѝ преследоватьѝ судебнымѝ порядком;ѝ постоянноѝ проживающийѝ вѝ другомѝштате;ѝназначатьѝпожизненно;ѝотстранитьѝотѝдолжности;ѝ судѝпоѝделамѝоѝбанкротстве;ѝокружнойѝапелляционныйѝсуд;ѝслушатьѝ дело;ѝ судьяѝ Верховногоѝ суда;ѝ посол;ѝ вооруженныеѝ силы;ѝ процедура,ѝпрописаннаяѝвѝкодексе;ѝнеѝповиноватьсяѝприказу;ѝдезертировать;ѝвоенные/гражданскиеѝзаконыѝ

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