- •Вазорати маориф ва илмии љумњурии тољикистон
- •1St course - 1st term
- •1.1.My school
- •1.2.My future profession
- •1.3.My hobby
- •1.4.English language
- •1.5.English writers
- •1.6.Dushanbe is the capital of tajikstan
- •1.7.My flat
- •1.8. My favourite writer
- •1.9.My favorite sport
- •1St course - 2nd term
- •1.10. My best friend (дугонаи беҳтарини ман)
- •1.11.My best friend (рафиқи беҳтарини ман)
- •1.12.American and british families
- •1.13.American customs and traditions
- •1.14.American holidays
- •1.15.Animals and pets
- •1.16.At the theatre
- •1.17.Big ben
- •2.2. Great britain
- •2.3. New year's day
- •2.4.Holidays, travel and tourism
- •2.5.Holidays in great britain
- •2.6.Home is where the heart is
- •2.7. I have a dream to be a doctor
- •2.8. I like to travel
- •2.9. Moscow
- •2.10. Learning foreign languages
- •2.11. Meals
- •2Nd course - 2nd term
- •2.12. Pets
- •2.13. Places to visit in london
- •2.14. Radio and tv in my life
- •2.15. About myself
- •2.16. A tea-party
- •2.17. Care of health
- •Did you know all that? And here is an Arabian proverb about health: "He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything."
- •2.18. Christmas day
- •2.19. Cinema
- •2.20. Choosing a career
- •2.21. Customs and traditions
- •2.22. Sport and a healthy mode of life
- •3Rd course - 1st term
- •3.1. London
- •3.2. Grandparents. A blessing or a burden
- •3.3. Fast food
- •3.4. Computer (history)
- •3.5. Canada
- •3.6. British parliament
- •3.7. Art
- •3.8. Education in the usa
- •Higher education institutions in usa
- •3.9. Jack london
- •3.10. New york city
- •3.11. Entertainment
- •3.12. New zealand
- •3.13. Role of women in society
- •3.14. Russian federation (russia)
- •3Rd course – 2nd term
- •3.15. Seasons
- •No doubt, the teens' problems will increase. And young people should fell that they are cared for.
- •3.17. The history of london
- •3.18. The mass media Newspapers
- •Television and radio
- •3.19. Why do we learn the english language
- •3.20. William caxton
- •3.21. William shakespeare
- •3.22. Advantages and disadvantages of computer
- •3.23. Advertisement
- •3.24. Sports in great britain
- •3.25. Un peace-keeping forces.
- •3.26. United states of america
- •3.27. Global warming
- •3.28. Agatha christie
- •4Th course - 1st term
- •4.1. Cambridge university
- •4.2. Declaration of independence
- •Virginia:
- •4.3. Ecology
- •4.4. E-commerce
- •4.5.History of basketball
- •4.6. Industrial revolution
- •Its Effects
- •4.7. Modern music
- •4.8. Olympic games
- •4.9. Ozone layer
- •4.10. Paris
- •4.11. Religion
- •4.12. Science
- •4.13. Shopping
- •4.14. The beatles
- •4.15. The british museum
- •4.16. The british parliament
- •4Th course - 2nd term
- •4.17. The commonwealth of australia
- •4.18. The political system of the usa
- •4.19. The protection of the environment
- •4.20. The renaissance
- •4.21. The united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland
- •4.22. Transport
- •4.23. Us congress
- •4.24. Valentine's day
- •Valentine
- •Valentine's Day in the usa
- •Valentine's Day in Other Cultures
- •4.25. Visit to a doctor
- •4.28. White house
- •4.29. Why do we learn the english language
- •4.30. Youth problems
- •4.31. Foreign relations and armed forces of the uk
- •4.32. Languages and religion in the united kingdom
- •Motivational stories a mother's love
- •Are you sincere friend?
- •Wind or sun – who wins?
- •When you just think of you!
- •The touchstone
- •Life throws a brick at you
- •God has been good to me
- •Why it is so hard to let go
- •Law of the garbage truck
- •Don’t hope,…decide!
- •Helpless love
- •The important things in life
- •It is the little things that make a big difference
- •The midas touch
- •The lark and her young ones
- •Self confidence
- •Shake it off
- •Unique flaw
- •Kill ego and save love
- •An office boy
- •It is you…
- •What makes all the difference in your effort!!
- •The exercise of other
- •The shipwreck
- •What goes around comes around
- •The gift
- •The big rocks
- •The barber who didn't believe
- •The law of the garbage truck
- •The apple tree
- •Be patient
- •Hospital windows
- •The beloved man
- •Stone soup
- •Buying time
- •Why are you crying?
- •Problems
- •The secret of happiness
- •The task
- •Friendship
- •Heaven and hell
- •Secret of turning earth into gold
- •Victimization by past
- •Teacher attitude
- •Puzzle pieces
- •The 99 club
- •You are unique
- •Every success story is also a story of great failure
4.11. Religion
Religion - a system of thought, feeling, and action that is shared by a group and that gives the members an object of devotion; a code of behavior by which individuals may judge the personal and social consequences of their actions; and a frame of reference by which individuals may relate to their group and their universe. Usually, religion concerns itself with that which transcends the known, the natural, or the expected; it is an acknowledgment of the extraordinary, the mysterious, and the supernatural. The religious consciousness generally recognizes a transcendent, sacred order and elaborates a technique to deal with the inexplicable or unpredictable elements of human experience in the world or beyond it.
The evolution of religion cannot be precisely determined owing to the lack of clearly distinguishable stages, but anthropological and historical studies of isolated cultures in various periods of development have suggested a typology but not a chronology. One type is found among some Australian aborigines who practice magic and fetishism but consider the powers therein to be not supernatural but an aspect of the natural world. Inability or refusal to divide real from preternatural and acceptance of the idea that inanimate objects may work human good or evil are sometimes said to mark a prereligious phase of thought. This is sometimes labeled naturism or animatism. It is characterized by a belief in a life force that itself has no definite characterization.
A second type of religion, represented by many Oceanic and African tribal beliefs, includes momentary deities (a tree suddenly falling on or in front of a person is malignant, although it was not considered "possessed" before or after the incident) and special deities (a particular tree is inhabited by a malignant spirit, or the spirits of dead villagers inhabit a certain grove or particular animals). In this category one must distinguish between natural and supernatural forces. This development is related to the emergence of objects of devotion, to rituals of propitiation, to priests and shamans , and to an individual sense of group participation in which the individual or the group is protected by, or against, supernatural beings and is expected to act singly or collectively in specific ways when in the presence of these forces.
In a third class of religion—usually heavily interlaced with fetishism—magic, momentary and special deities, nature gods, and deities personifying natural functions (such as the Egyptian solar god Ra, the Babylonian goddess of fertility Ishtar, the Greek sea-god Poseidon, and the Hindu goddess of death and destruction Kali) emerge and are incorporated into a system of mythology and ritual. Sometimes they take on distinctively human characteristics.
Beyond these more elementary forms of religious expression there are what are commonly called the "higher religions." Theologians and philosophers of religion agree that these religions embody a principle of transcendence, i.e., a concept, sometimes a godhead, that involves humans in an experience beyond their immediate personal and social needs, an experience known as "the sacred" or "the holy."
In the comparative study of these religions certain classifications are used. The most frequent are polytheism (as in popular Hinduism and ancient Greek religion), in which there are many gods; dualism (as in Zoroastrianism and certain Gnostic sects), which conceives of equally powerful deities of good and of evil; monotheism (as in Christianity, Judaism , and Islam), in which there is a single god; supratheism (as in Hindu Vedanta and certain Buddhist sects), in which the devotee participates in the religion through a mystical union with the godhead; and pantheism, in which the universe is identified with God.
Another frequently used classification is based on the origins of the body of knowledge held by a certain religion: some religions are revealed, as in Judaism (where God revealed the Commandments to Moses), Christianity (where Christ, the Son of God, revealed the Word of the Father), and Islam (where the angel Gabriel revealed God's will to Muhammad). Some religions are nonrevealed, or "natural," the result of human inquiry alone. Included among these and sometimes called philosophies of eternity are Buddhist sects (where Buddha is recognized not as a god but as an enlightened leader), Brahmanism, and Taoism and other Chinese metaphysical doctrines.