- •Вазорати маориф ва илмии љумњурии тољикистон
- •1St course - 1st term
- •1.1.My school
- •1.2.My future profession
- •1.3.My hobby
- •1.4.English language
- •1.5.English writers
- •1.6.Dushanbe is the capital of tajikstan
- •1.7.My flat
- •1.8. My favourite writer
- •1.9.My favorite sport
- •1St course - 2nd term
- •1.10. My best friend (дугонаи беҳтарини ман)
- •1.11.My best friend (рафиқи беҳтарини ман)
- •1.12.American and british families
- •1.13.American customs and traditions
- •1.14.American holidays
- •1.15.Animals and pets
- •1.16.At the theatre
- •1.17.Big ben
- •2.2. Great britain
- •2.3. New year's day
- •2.4.Holidays, travel and tourism
- •2.5.Holidays in great britain
- •2.6.Home is where the heart is
- •2.7. I have a dream to be a doctor
- •2.8. I like to travel
- •2.9. Moscow
- •2.10. Learning foreign languages
- •2.11. Meals
- •2Nd course - 2nd term
- •2.12. Pets
- •2.13. Places to visit in london
- •2.14. Radio and tv in my life
- •2.15. About myself
- •2.16. A tea-party
- •2.17. Care of health
- •Did you know all that? And here is an Arabian proverb about health: "He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything."
- •2.18. Christmas day
- •2.19. Cinema
- •2.20. Choosing a career
- •2.21. Customs and traditions
- •2.22. Sport and a healthy mode of life
- •3Rd course - 1st term
- •3.1. London
- •3.2. Grandparents. A blessing or a burden
- •3.3. Fast food
- •3.4. Computer (history)
- •3.5. Canada
- •3.6. British parliament
- •3.7. Art
- •3.8. Education in the usa
- •Higher education institutions in usa
- •3.9. Jack london
- •3.10. New york city
- •3.11. Entertainment
- •3.12. New zealand
- •3.13. Role of women in society
- •3.14. Russian federation (russia)
- •3Rd course – 2nd term
- •3.15. Seasons
- •No doubt, the teens' problems will increase. And young people should fell that they are cared for.
- •3.17. The history of london
- •3.18. The mass media Newspapers
- •Television and radio
- •3.19. Why do we learn the english language
- •3.20. William caxton
- •3.21. William shakespeare
- •3.22. Advantages and disadvantages of computer
- •3.23. Advertisement
- •3.24. Sports in great britain
- •3.25. Un peace-keeping forces.
- •3.26. United states of america
- •3.27. Global warming
- •3.28. Agatha christie
- •4Th course - 1st term
- •4.1. Cambridge university
- •4.2. Declaration of independence
- •Virginia:
- •4.3. Ecology
- •4.4. E-commerce
- •4.5.History of basketball
- •4.6. Industrial revolution
- •Its Effects
- •4.7. Modern music
- •4.8. Olympic games
- •4.9. Ozone layer
- •4.10. Paris
- •4.11. Religion
- •4.12. Science
- •4.13. Shopping
- •4.14. The beatles
- •4.15. The british museum
- •4.16. The british parliament
- •4Th course - 2nd term
- •4.17. The commonwealth of australia
- •4.18. The political system of the usa
- •4.19. The protection of the environment
- •4.20. The renaissance
- •4.21. The united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland
- •4.22. Transport
- •4.23. Us congress
- •4.24. Valentine's day
- •Valentine
- •Valentine's Day in the usa
- •Valentine's Day in Other Cultures
- •4.25. Visit to a doctor
- •4.28. White house
- •4.29. Why do we learn the english language
- •4.30. Youth problems
- •4.31. Foreign relations and armed forces of the uk
- •4.32. Languages and religion in the united kingdom
- •Motivational stories a mother's love
- •Are you sincere friend?
- •Wind or sun – who wins?
- •When you just think of you!
- •The touchstone
- •Life throws a brick at you
- •God has been good to me
- •Why it is so hard to let go
- •Law of the garbage truck
- •Don’t hope,…decide!
- •Helpless love
- •The important things in life
- •It is the little things that make a big difference
- •The midas touch
- •The lark and her young ones
- •Self confidence
- •Shake it off
- •Unique flaw
- •Kill ego and save love
- •An office boy
- •It is you…
- •What makes all the difference in your effort!!
- •The exercise of other
- •The shipwreck
- •What goes around comes around
- •The gift
- •The big rocks
- •The barber who didn't believe
- •The law of the garbage truck
- •The apple tree
- •Be patient
- •Hospital windows
- •The beloved man
- •Stone soup
- •Buying time
- •Why are you crying?
- •Problems
- •The secret of happiness
- •The task
- •Friendship
- •Heaven and hell
- •Secret of turning earth into gold
- •Victimization by past
- •Teacher attitude
- •Puzzle pieces
- •The 99 club
- •You are unique
- •Every success story is also a story of great failure
No doubt, the teens' problems will increase. And young people should fell that they are cared for.
3.17. The history of london
More than two thousand years ago the early Britons established a settlement on the north bank of the Thames. The site had many advantages. It was defended on two sides by rivers. It lay in the center of the most fertile region. The old Britons gave the town its name, Lyndin, the Romans made it the center of their colony, the Germanic invaders tied to burn and destroy it, the victorious Normans made it the capital of the country. So the physical layout of contemporary London is the end product of complex historical events and growth forces.
The fort of Londinium, founded by the Romans in the 1st century AD, and the administrative center established at Westminster 1000 years later served as the nuclei for following development in Central London. At the time of the Roman occupation of Britain in the 1st century AD, London was already a town of considerable importance, in the 2th century King Alfred made London the capital of his kingdom. After William the Conqueror established himself in England, he began construction of the Tower of London, intending it as a citadel to overawe the populace. Many Normans settled in London and erected imposing edifices.
Throughout the Middle Ages the development of London was slow and was repeatedly arrested by wars, epidemics and commercial crises. The opening by Queen Elizabeth 1 of the Royal Exchange in 1566 marked the growth of the city expanded it might become too powerful. Queen Elizabeth 1 issued a proclamation prohibiting the construction of any new building within a radius of 4,8 km outside the city gates.
In 1665, during the Great Plague, nearly 70,000 Londoners died of to the disease with a period of a year. The epidemic was followed by the Great Fire of 1666, which destroyed most of the walled section of the city. Because the Rebuilding Act of 1667 stipulated that only stone and brick be used, the new buildings that rose from the ruins bore little resemblance to the quaint wooden dwellings of old London.
During the 19th century many suburbs were incorporated into Greater London, all the bridges in the city were rebuilt in stone, and the streets were furnished first with gas, and later with electric, illumination.
During World War 1 London was the object of frequent raids by German airplanes and zeppelins. The city was heavily bombed during World War 2. About 10,000 persons were killed. Among the celebrated buildings either damaged or destroyed were the Tower of London, the British Museum, Houses of Parliament, St. Paul’s Cathedral, Buckingham palace, many railway stations also were severely damaged.
After the war, by the end of the 1950s most of the war damage in London was repaired. As a result of the reconstruction the skyline of the city began changing. Tall buildings were built, such as The London Stock Exchange, the General Post Office. Homes, shops, schools and a cultural center were built, and important landmarks were preserved.
Considerable controversy followed the demolition of several historical or architecturally interesting areas sacrificed for the construction of high-rise office and apartment buildings.