Unit 9

Тема: Металлургия

Грамматика:

1. Инфинитив (функции, ОИО, СИО).

2. Сослагательное наклонение глаголов.

3. Дополнительные придаточные предложения. Правило согласования времен.

4. Словообразующие предлоги.

5. Взаимные местоимения.

6. Математические действия.

Повторение:

1. Времена Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.

2. Модальные глаголы.

3. Действительный и страдательный залоги.

4. Грамматический разбор.

Тексты:

1. Metallurgy

2. Iron and Steel Manufacture

Лексика

	attraction	притяжение, привлекательность
	axle	ось, вал
	beam	балка; луч
	blast	сильный поток воздуха
	bottom	дно, основание
	bright	яркий, блестящий
	building	здание
	chamber	камера
	charge	заряд
	compound	смесь, состав
	deposits	залежи (полезных ископаемых)
	expensive	дорогой, дорогостоящий
	furnaces blast furnace	печь доменная печь
	gangue	рудная порода
	gravity specific gravity	сила тяжести, вес удельный вес
	in spite of	несмотря на
	iron pig iron open-hearth iron wrought iron cast iron malleable cast iron	железо, чугун чугун в чушках мартеновский чугун ковочное железо чугун ковкий чугун
	knife (pl. knives)	нож
	malleable	ковкий
	moisture	влага
	oil	масло, нефть
	ore	руда
	pure	чистый
	repulsion	отталкивание
	roller	ролик
	rust	ржавчина
	state	состояние
	steel high-strength low-alloy steel tool steel alloy steel	сталь высокопрочная низколегированная сталь инструментальная сталь легированная сталь
	thin	тонкий
	thing	вещь
	to blow (blew, blown) to blow away	дуть; сдувать
	to call	называть
	to crush	дробить, толочь
	to extract extraction	извлекать; извлечение
	to fall (fell, fallen)	падать
	to float flotation	плавать; плавучесть
	to keep	сохранять, держать
	to obtain	получать
	to pour to pour away	лить, наливать; сливать
	to prepare preparation	готовить, подготавливать; подготовка
	to refine	очищать
	to relate relationship	относиться, иметь отношение; отношение
	to sink	тонуть
	to smelt	расплавлять, плавить
	to suspend	приводить во взвешенное состояние; взвешивать (в жидкости)
	to turn on to turn off	включать; выключать
	to wash to wash away	мыть; смывать
	wrought	кованый

I. Вспомните, как переводятся следующие слова:

water; air; class; body; ship; food; bed; car; railway; wall.

II. Вспомните названия химических элементов:

C carbon; Cr chromium; Cu copper; Pb lead; Mn manganese; Mo molybdenum; Ni nickel; O oxygen; Si silicon; W tungsten; V vanadium.

III. Прочитайте и переведите слова, не пользуясь словарем. Обратите внимание на их произношение:

agent; apartment; architect; automobile; balance; capsule; concentration; constant; corrosive; criteria; decorative; diagnose; economic; electromagnet; electrostatic; extra; flux; geometry; gradual; intervention; machinery; macroscopic; magnetic; magnetite; magnetosphere; metallic; metallography; metallurgical; metallurgy; methodology; mineral; parameter; percent; percentage; periodically; petroleum; slag; strategy; substance; tank; tonnage; transformation; to construct; to fabricate; to group; to guarantees;

IV. Прочитайте, переведите и попытайтесь запомнить следующие слова:

• существительные

attraction; axle; beam; blast; bottom; building; chamber; charge; compound; deposits; extraction; flotation; furnaces; blast furnace; gangue; gravity; specific gravity; iron; open-hearth iron; wrought iron; cast iron; malleable cast iron; pig iron; knife (knives); moisture; oil; ore; preparation; refinery; relationship; repulsion; roller; rust; state; steel; high-strength low-alloy steel; stainless steel; tool steel; alloy steel; thing;

• прилагательные

bright; expensive; malleable; pure; thin; wrought;

• глаголы

to blow; to blow away; to call; to crush; to extract; to fall; to float; to keep; to obtain; to pour; to pour away; to prepare; to refine; to relate; to sink; to smelt; to suspend; to turn on; to turn off; to wash; to wash away;

• предлоги

in spite of.

V. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:

a) the extraction of metals from ores; one of the simplest methods of mechanical separation; the bottom of the processing chamber; deposits of low concentration; the production of pig iron; the result of programmer error; limitation of self-generated vibrations; a better understanding of the relationship between processing, structure, and properties of the materials;

b) rock material; the most important present-day method; surface-active agents; chemical separation methods; lift mechanisms; the standard inaccuracy; CNC thread cutting machines;

c) the machine’s vibration; computer’s main memory; Yuri Gagarin's flight; humanity's knowledge.

Повторение

VI. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них сказуемые, определите время и залог:

1.There are a number of factors which influence abrasive wear. 2. Multiple-cutting-edge tools have more than one cutting edge and usually move round the workpiece. 3. Before long, the machines could automatically change the specific cutting tools that were being used. 4. The researchers will have widely studied the machine’s vibration before they put it in mass production. 5. Of all the changes that occurred in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, the most significant transformation was the so called "scientific revolution." 6. The lift mechanisms being controlled by CNC are rotating slowly in the x–y plane. 7. Some difficulties have been met in the classification of the technological parameters. 8. In the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of networking technology like Internet made computer networking almost universal. 9. Numerous buildings are now being constructed with structures of HSLA steels. 10. The use of high speed machining (HSM) had increased productivity by the 2000s.

VII. Определите, к какой группе времен относится инфинитив в скобках. Поставьте инфинитив в настоящее время, прочитайте предложения и переведите:

1. In general, operational memory (to be removed) when the power to the computer (to be turned off), but constant memory (to maintain) its data indefinitely. 2. Cutting fluids (to be used) for cooling and lubricating and (to be becoming) more and more popular. 3. These machine centres (to have changed) dramatically the way parts (to be made). 4. Since computers (to perform) the instructions they (to be given), bugs (to be) nearly always the result of programmer error. 5. The cutting tool (to be moving) slowly in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the workpiece. 6. Specific strategies (to have been developed), especially for limitation of self-generated vibrations. 7. Computer’s main memory (to come) in two principal types: operational memory or RAM and constant memory or ROM. 8. Each spindle (to contain) a piece of material that (to be being machined) at the same time. 9. HSLA (to have been processed) specially to have much more strength than carbon steels of the same weight.

VIII. Поставьте предложения из упражнения VII сначала в прошедшее время, а затем в будущее. Обратите внимание на то, что одно из этих девяти предложений поставить автоматически в будущее время нельзя.

IX. Прочитайте предложения, найдите сказуемое, определите залог. Задайте к каждому предложению общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. Machine tools may be classified under three main categories: conventional, unconventional and presses. 2. In general, the shaper can produce almost any surface composed of simple elements. 3. The spindle can be oriented either vertically or horizontally, or anywhere in between. 4. The accuracy becomes worse as the grinding wheel wears, so it must be replaced periodically. 5. Many operations can be performed by ECM. 6. With special attachments, a lathe may also be used to produce flat surfaces or it may drill or bore holes in the workpiece.

X. Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Поставьте их сначала в прошедшее время, а затем в будущее:

1. Cutting-tool material must combine strength, toughness, hardness, and wear resistance at high temperatures. 2. The LBM process can make holes in refractory metals and ceramics. 3. The tool must be specially designed for the geometry of the device. 4. EDM can produce shapes unobtainable by any conventional machining process. 5. The grinding wheel must be moved to a correct position relative to the workpiece. 6. Materials such as hardened steel, carbides, rubies, quartz, diamonds, and glass can easily be machined by USM.

XI. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них сказуемое, определите его время и залог. Замените залог на противоположный:

1. Natural sciencedisciplines study natural phenomena. 2. Around 1885 similar investigations were previously performed by Prof. Martens at the Institute of Technology. 3. New machine tools will form the basis of modern industry in the 21^st century. 4. The nature of wear has delayed its investigations. 5. As starting point Prof. Stribeck investigated the basic properties of roller bearings. 6. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary ofYuri Gagarin's flight, on April 12, 1981.

XII. Сделайте грамматический разбор предложений. Определите время и залог сказуемых:

1. Under normal operating parameters, the property changes during exploitation normally occur in three different stages: primary, secondary, tertiary.

2. EDM typically works with materials that are electrically conductive, although methods for machining ceramics with EDM have also been proposed.