Unit 8

Тема: Триботехника

Грамматика:

1. The Perfect Tenses

2. Альтернативный и разделительный вопросы.

3. Уступительные придаточные предложения.

4. Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные.

5. Математические знаки.

Повторение:

1. Глаголы to be, to have.

2. Сравнительный анализ времен IndefiniteиContinuous.

3. Местоимения some,anynoи их производные.

4. Грамматический разбор предложений.

5. Вопросительные предложения.

Тексты:

1. Tribology

2. Wear

Лексика

	abrasion	абразия, стирание
	adhesion	слипание, склеивание
	almost	почти
	although	хотя; несмотря на то, что
	annual	ежегодный
	approximately	приблизительно
	at least	по крайней мере
	bearing	подшипник
	consumption	потребление
	dimension	размер
	domestic	внутренний, отечественный, домашний
	due to	из-за, благодаря
	failure to fail	авария, повреждение, выход из строя; выходить из строя
	fatigue	усталость
	for	для; в течение (перед отрезком времени)
	fretting	разъедание
	gross	валовый
	huge	огромный
	lately	недавно, за последнее время
	layer	слой
	mode	режим
	piece	кусок, часть, деталь
	property	свойство
	regard	внимание, оценка, учет
	relative	относительный
	several	несколько
	since	с (какого-то момента)
	to consider	считать, полагать
	to delay	задерживать, откладывать
	to eliminate	исключать
	to exceed	превосходить, превышать
	to extend extension	расширять, простираться; расширение
	to gainground	делать успехи, преуспевать
	to harden	делать твердым, укреплять
	to involve	включать в себя
	to lead (led, led)	вести
	to lose (lost, lost) loss	терять; потеря
	to measure	измерять
	to occur	случаться, происходить
	to slide	скользить
	to weaken	ослаблять
	tolerance	допуск
	tribology	трибология
	UK , the	Соединенное Королевство (Великобритания)
	up to now	до сих пор
	virtually	фактически
	without	без

I. Вспомните, как переводятся следующие слова:

school; student; peace; money; goods; age; ring; to know (knew, known); wide; full; middle; now; early.

II. Прочитайте и переведите слова, не пользуясь словарем. Обратите внимание на их произношение:

antiquity; aphorism; argumentation; centre; chemistry; committee; container; contribution; corrosion; cyclical; decade; deformation; degradation; discussion; dock; effect;empirical; erosion; expertise; fragment; fretting; lift; limit; manner; mastery; micro; microscope; moment; nanotribology; object; philosophy; plan; principle; progressive; protective; regularly; revolution; sensor; specialist; standard; standardization; to standardize; sum; transfer; tribology; tribological; tribologist; to automate; to diffuse; to formulate; to isolate; to limit; to minimize; to modify; to mount; to plan; to promote; to protect; to recommend;

III. Прочитайте, переведите и попытайтесь запомнить следующие слова:

• существительные

abrasion; adhesion; bearing; consumption; delay; dimension; extension; failure; fatigue; fretting; layer; loss; measure; mode; piece; property; regard; tolerance; tribology;

• прилагательные

annual; domestic; gross; huge; relative;

• глаголы

to consider; to delay; to eliminate; to exceed; to extend; to fail; to gain ground; to harden; to involve; to lead; to lose; to measure; to occur; to slide; to weaken; to wear;

• наречия и предлоги

almost; although; approximately; at least; due to; for; lately; several; since; up to now; virtually; without.

IV. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:

a) two or more layers of active electronic components; the effect of weightless environment; the formation of oxide layer; the complex nature of wear; isolated studies of specific wear mechanisms or processes; a significant degree of accuracy; a number of wear tests; the study and application of the principles of friction, lubrication and wear;

b) a spindle movement; a three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D-IC); wear metal expertise; aircraft component failure analysis; threads and gear teeth; the friction, wear and corrosion processes; the surface wear mode; the specified tolerance limits;

c) the station's microgravity environment; sir Frencis Bacon’s famous aphorism; a solid surface’s external side;

d) with regard for; integrated both vertically and horizontally into a single circuit; the physics of fluids and their activity in microgravity; scientific findings; numerical control (NC); computer numerical controlled (CNC); the UK (the United Kingdom); loss of dimension from plastic deformation; the science and technology of interaction of surfaces in relative motion; failure of material or its loss from the surface; specific standards for testing or measuring a materials wear resistance; annual direct loss to industries due to wear; GDP (Gross Domestic Product);

Повторение

V. Вместо пропусков вставьте спрягаемые формы глагола “to be” или “to have” во времени Present Indefinite. Задайте вопрос, дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. Boring … a process that increases holes previously drilled. 2. They … a spindle movement of several (usually between four and six) feet. 3. The basic machine tools … the lathe, the shaper, the planer, and the milling machine. 4. A shaper … a machine-tool used for shaping metal and other material. 5. The table usually … three possible movements: longitudinal, horizontal, and vertical. 6. Technology … the amount of knowledge necessary for producing goods and services with regard for economical resources. 7. A three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D-IC) … two or more layers of active electronic components that … integrated both vertically and horizontally into a single circuit. 8. The simplest computers … able to perform only a little amount of different instructions; the more complex computers … several hundreds of instructions.

VI. Предложения из предыдущего упражнения (V) поставьте в прошедшее время. Задайте вопрос, дайте отрицательный ответ:

VII. Предложения из упражнения V поставьте в будущее время. Задайте вопрос, дайте отрицательный ответ:

VIII. Переведите предложения на английский язык:

1. ПК – это аббревиатура для Персонального Компьютера. 2. В большинстве случаев компьютерные инструкции просты. 3. Интернет – это система глобальной компьютерной сети. 4. Центральный процессор – это главный информационный процессор в любом компьютере. 5. Центральный процессор подобен калькулятору, только гораздо более мощный. 6. E-mailэто важная услуга связи доступная в Интернете. 7. Конструкция робота обычно в основном механическая.

IX. Прочитайте предложения, найдите сказуемое, определите его время и залог:

1. Sputnik 1 was launched on October 4, 1957. 2. Humans first landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969. 3. The cosmonauts will be investigating the physics of fluids and their activity in microgravity. 4. Scientific findings, in fields extending from basic science to exploration research, were being published every month. 5. The physical explorationof space is performed both byhuman spaceflightsand byrobotic spacecrafts. 6. Researchers are investigating the effect of weightless environment on the development of plants and animals. 7. Analysis of the radio signals will be very important as the information about temperature and pressure will be encoded in them. 8. The experiments in fields including biology, physics, astronomy and meteorology are being carried out daily in the station's microgravity environment.

X. Сравните пары предложений. Объясните различия:

1. Most digital circuits used two voltage levels. – They were using that digital circuit to test the device. 2. A very large amount of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet. – I am trying to connect to the Internet but fail. 3. The Internet serves billions of users worldwide. – The user is not being served at the moment. 4. The task of developing large software systems will present a significant intellectual problem. – They will be presenting a new software product at 5 p.m. 5. Data comes through Input and the CPU processes the data. – The data are coming now through Input and are being processed by the CPU.

XI. Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Поставьте к каждому предложению общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. Some universities offer development in robotics. 2. Some older models used a lift mechanism to position the table. 3. Milling machines can perform some very complex operations. 4. In some cases the table is rotated to a position perpendicular to the column. 5. There are some effects on material properties when a metalworking lathe is used. 6. There is some degree of standardization of the tooling used with CNC Milling Machines. 7. In some modern lathes this power source is an electric motor. 8. Space exploration is the physical exploration of outer-Earth objects and generally anything that involves the technologies, science, and politics.

XII. Сделайте грамматический разбор предложения:

The full, true story of the milling machine's development will probably never be known, because much of the early development took place in individual shops where generally no one was taking down records for history.

XIII. Прочитайте предложения, найдите сказуемое, определите его время и залог. Поставьте к каждому предложению не менее трех вопросов:

1. Milling machines can perform a great number of operations such as cutting, planing, drilling. 2. Grinding machines will remove material from the workpiece by abrasion. 3. Planers and shapers were generally used for generating flat surfaces. 4. Milling machines exist in two basic forms: horizontal and vertical. 5. Computers and CNC machine tools continued to develop rapidly. 6. The grinding head is being controlled by NC controls. 7. During the early part of the 20th century, machine tools were becoming more and more accurate.