Альтернативный и разделительный вопросы
1. Альтернативный вопрос – предполагает выбор между двумя или несколькими вариантами ответов.
Are surface engineering knowledge used to minimize or to maximize wear and extend working life of material?
XXIV. К словам, выделенным курсивом, поставьте альтернативные вопросы, используя в качестве альтернативы слова, приведенные в скобках:
1. Boring machines include vertical and horizontal boring mills. (milling machines) 2. The shaper is used mainly to produce flat surfaces. (complex shaped surfaces) 3. In many cutting operations fluids are used to cool and lubricate. (to heat) 4. These machine tools were developed generally to shape the ultrahard alloys used in heavy industry. (soft) 5. The tool may be moved parallel to the direction of rotation. (across) 6. Flat surfaces may be machined with excellent finish and accuracy. (great difficulties)
2. Разделительный вопрос– предполагает утвердительный или отрицательный ответ на высказывание, которое состоит как бы из двух частей. Первая часть это утвердительное или отрицательное предложение, а вторая – краткий общий вопрос. Причем, если предложение утвердительное, то вопрос отрицательный. А если предложение отрицательное, то вопрос в утвердительной форме.
The pressure of the wheel against the workpiece can be made very slight, can’t it?
Electrochemical machining also uses electrical energy to remove material, doesn’t it?
Grinding is the removal of metal by a rotating abrasive wheel, isn’t it?
Heating does not increase tool life, does it?
Chips are not cut when presses shape workpieces, are they?
XXV. Вместо пропусков в конце предложения поставьте разделительный вопрос:
1. Threads and gear teeth can be made by using various cutters, … 2. Electrodischarge machining employs electrical energy, … 3. Presses are equipped with special attachments designed for different forming operations, … 4. Presses are not equipped with mills and cutters, … 5. The shaping is being accomplished in the fast mode, … 6. The planer is not the fastest of the reciprocating machine tools, … 7. A lathe has been used to machine these workpieces, … 8. There are two other tool holding systems for manual machines, …
Уступительные придаточные предложения.
Уступительные придаточные предложения отвечают на вопрос «несмотря на что?» (inspiteofwhat?) и присоединяются главному предложению союзамиalthoughи though, которые переводятся “хотя” или “несмотря на то, что”.
XXVI. Прочитайте предложения, сделайте грамматический разбор, а затем переведите на русский язык:
1. Science is sometimes called experimental science to differentiate it from applied science although the two are commonly interconnected. 2. Technology is often a result of science and engineering combination — although technology as a human activity is necessary for the two fields. 3. Although mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human history, the first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). 4. Saturn has at least 60 satellites, although the exact number is unknown since Saturn's rings are made up of great numbers of independently orbiting objects of various sizes. 5. The characteristics of wear does not include loss of dimension from plastic deformation, although wear has occurred without material removal. 6. Although empiricalinvestigations of the natural world have been described sinceantiquity(for example, byAristotle), andscientific methodshave been employed since theMiddle Ages(for example,Roger Bacon), the rapid development of modern science, which is known as theScientific Revolution, generally began in the 17th century.