Unit 7

Тема: Машиностроение. Станки. Автоматы.

Грамматика:

1. The Continuous Tenses.

2. Обстоятельственные придаточные предложения времени и места.

3. Место в предложении наречий образа действия.

4. Местоимения other, another.

5. Суффикс отрицательного значения –less.

6. Дроби простые и десятичные.

Повторение:

1. Глаголы to be, to have.

2. Модальные глаголы can, must.

3. The Indefinite Tenses (Active, Passive).

4. Причастия.

5. Грамматический разбор предложений.

6. Вопросительные предложения.

Тексты:

1. Machine Tools. Conventional Machine Tools

2. Unconventional Machine Tools

Лексика

	across	поперек
	against	на, к; против
	alloy	сплав
	arc	(электрическая) дуга
	beam	луч
	circumference	окружность
	conventional	обычный, традиционный
	current	ток
	discharge	разряд (электрический)
	edge	острие, грань, кромка, режущее лезвие
	flat	плоский
	fluid	жидкость
	frequency	частота (тока)
	friction	трение
	hardness	твердость
	hole	отверстие, дыра
	impact	удар
	lathe	токарный станок
	longitudinal	продольный
	planer	продольно-строгальный станок
	recently	недавно
	reciprocating	возвратно-поступающий
	refractory	тугоплавкий
	ruby	медленный
	smooth	рубин
	solid	твердый
	steel carbon steel hardened steel high-speed steels stainless steels	сталь углеродистая сталь закаленная сталь быстрорежущая сталь нержавеющая сталь
	strength	прочность
	stress	напряжение
	thread	резьба
	to bore boring	растачивать; расточка
	to cause	быть причиной
	to cut cutter	резать резец
	to drill drilling	сверлить; сверление
	to feed (fed, fed) feed	подавать (тех.) подача
	to flow	течь
	to grind (ground, ground) grinding	шлифовать; молоть, размалывать; шлифовка
	to lubricate	смазывать
	to machine machining	обрабатывать; механическая обработка
	to melt	плавить(ся)
	to mill milling	фрезеровать; фрезеровка
	to reduce
	to shape shaping shaper	придавать форму, формовать; формовка поперечно-строгальный станок
	to turn turning	выполнять токарную обработку; токарная обработка
	to wear	носить, изнашивать
	tool	инструмент
	toughness	жесткость
	tungsten	вольфрам
	wheel	колесо, круг
	workpiece	заготовка

I. Вспомните, как переводятся следующие слова:

table; room; shop; water; glass; floor; tooth (teeth); grandchildren; chip; cool; slow; fine; thin; each; easy; heavy; away.

II. Прочитайте и переведите слова, не пользуясь словарем. Обратите внимание на их произношение:

abrasive; acceleration; deceleration; aerosol; aerospace; aluminum; amperage; amplitude; anode; cathode; carbide; carbon; category; circular; coherent; column; complex; conical; constantly; cylindrical; diagonal; diamond; electrochemical; electrolyte; electrolytic; energy; especially; extremely; exotic; feet; finish; firm; horizontal; intelligence; internal; external; kinetic; labor; laser; local; mechanism; miniature; mixture; multi-; oxide; ozone; perpendicular; phenomenally; plasma; portion; press; pressing; principal; quartz; radial; relatively; rotation; ruby; servomechanism; specification; spindle; multispindle; stationary; super-; to act; to classify; to convert; to coordinate; to finish; to orient; to produce; to pulsate to rotate; to stabilize; to utilize; to vaporize; to vibrate; vibration; ultra-; ultrasonic; virtual; vertical.

III. Прочитайте, переведите и попытайтесь запомнить следующие слова:

• существительные

alloy; arc; beam; boring; circumference; current; cutter; discharge; drilling; edge; electrodischarge; feed; flow; fluid; frequency; friction; grinder; grinding; hardness; hole; impact; lathe melt; mill; milling; tool; machine tool; machining; planer; ruby; shape; shaper; shaping; steel; strength; stress; thread; toughness; tungsten; turning; wear; wheel; workpiece;

• прилагательные

chip-making; conventional; flat; hardened; longitudinal; power-driven; reciprocating; refractory; single-point; smooth; solid; sonic; stainless;

• глаголы

to bore; to cause; to cool; to cut; to drill; to feed; to flow; to grind; to heat; to lubricate; to machine; to melt; to mill; to reduce; to shape; to turn; to wear;

• наречия

across; against; generally; precisely; recently; relatively.

IV. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:

a) the pressure of the wheel against the workpiece; the direction of rotation; the development of modern science; the effect of weightless environment; the axis of the machine's column; the largest of the reciprocating machine tools; small particles of abrasive;

b) a spindle movement; any conventional machining process; conventional chip-making machine tools; light, electrical, chemical, and ultrasonic energy; high-energy particle beams; a single-point tool; a production line; tool rooms and job shops; cutting-tool material; carbon steels; high-speed steels; tungsten carbide; carbide ceramic; aluminum oxide;

c) the computer's speed; the computer’s memory; the computer's various components; the Earth's atmosphere; Mir's de-orbit; Pushinka's grandchildren; the spindle's axis; the machine's column;

d) stationary power-driven machines; to be used either directly or indirectly; cutting away the unwanted portion in the form of chips; the oldest and most common type of turning machine; to move parallel to or across the direction of rotation; like the shaper; a circular device with a series of cutting edges on its circumference; the feed against the cutter; three possible movements: longitudinal, horizontal, and vertical; in accordance with some specification; to act as a miniature cutting tool; extremely smooth and accurate surfaces; to include high local stresses.

Повторение

V. В предложениях пропущено сказуемое, которое выражается спрягаемой формой глагола “to be”. Найдите в предложении место, куда необходимо вставить эту форму глагола “to be” во времени Present Indefinite. Предложения переведите:

а) 1. Technology the application of math, science. 2. Knowledge achieved through scientific research and experience science. 3. There only computer's initial start-up instructions in ROM (read-only-memory).

б) 1. Science any systematic knowledge about social and natural phenomena. 2. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" interchangeable in the context of digital circuits. 3. Currently, there about 1 million industrial robots working around the world. 4. The scientific approach essential in the formation of hypotheses,theories, andlawsboth in natural and social sciences. 5. There also plans to use the ISS to explore aerosols, ozone, water and oxides in Earth's atmosphere. 6. Digital circuits the most common physical representation ofBoolean algebraand the basis of all digital computers.

VI. Прочитайте предложения с глаголом “to have”, определите время, задайте к каждому предложению вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. Many universities in our country have separate departments for Electronics Engineering. 2. Throughout the 1960s the computers had magnetic core memory. 3. A computer's memory has a set of cells with numbers. 4. Modern computers will have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory. 5. The table had three possible movements: longitudinal, horizontal, and vertical. 6. That new machine tool will have a spindle movement of several (usually between four and six) feet.

VII. Вместо пропусков вставьте модальные глаголы “can, may, must” во времени Present Indefinite, определите залог сказуемого и переведите предложения. Задайте вопрос, дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. The LBM process ... make holes in refractory metals and ceramics. 2. The robot’s manipulation … be controlled by its individual routine. 3. Technology also refers to tools and machines that … be used to solve real-world problems. 4. The pressure of the wheel against the workpiece … be made very small. 5. EDM … produce shapes which cannot be produced by any conventional machining process. 6. The tool … be moved parallel to or across the direction of rotation. 7. Threads, gear teeth, and other cuts … be made by using various cutters. 8. Cutting-tool material … combine strength, toughness, hardness, and wear resistance at higher temperatures. 9. Machine tools … be classified under three main categories: conventional, unconventional and presses.

VIII. Предложения из предыдущего упражнения (VII ) поставьте сначала в прошедшее (Past Indefinite), а затем в будущее (Future Indefinite) время.

IX. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них сказуемое, определите его время и залог. Предложения переведите:

1. The methods of scientific research will include the generation of hypotheses about a phenomenon and experimentation. 2. In January 1956, plans were developed for Earth-orbiting satellites to acquire knowledge of space. 3. The development of modern science which is known as the Scientific Revolutionbegan in the 16th century. 4. One of Strelka’s pups was namedPushinka and was presented to President John Kennedy's daughter in 1961. 5. Tools and machines; virtual technology, such as computer softwareandbusiness methodsare, in fact, technology.

X. К предложениям из предыдущего упражнения (IX) задайте общие вопросы и дайте отрицательные ответы:

XI. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них сказуемое, определите его время и залог. Поменяйте залог на противоположный:

1. The central controller unit manages the computer's various components. 2. Mir's de-orbit was done in three stages. 3. A spacecraft system will comprise various subsystems, dependent upon mission profile. 4. In many cutting operations fluids are used to cool and lubricate. 5. Machine tools formed the basis of modern industry.

XII. Слова в скобках переведите причастиями Participle I, Participle II или Participle I Passive, определите их функцию:

1. Machine tools are stationary power-(приводные) machines (используемые) to shape or form solid materials, especially metals. 2. This technology serves to make the material (обрабатываемый) much softer. 3. During the early part of the 20th the use of machine tools became (широко распространенным) in the (развивающихся) nations. 4. The kinetic energy of the electrons becomes thermal energy that melts and vaporizes the material (формируя) holes or cuts. 5. There are very few limits to the width of the parts (обрабатываемых). 6. These (специализированные) machine tools made it possible to manufacture (стандартизированные) products very economically, (используя) relatively (неквалифицированный) labor. 7. Who first designed the milling machine is unknown because the work (выполняемая) in various shops was undocumented for various reasons.

XIII. Сделайте грамматический разбор предложений, определите время и залог сказуемых:

1. Unconventional machine tools employ light, electrical, chemical, and ultrasonic energy; superheated gases; and high-energy particle beams to shape the exotic materials. 2. These actions are determined by programmed routine that specify the direction, acceleration, velocity, deceleration, and distance of a series of coordinated motions. 3. The first man who stepped on the lunar surface was Neil Armstrong, commander of the U.S. mission “Apollo 11”. 4. As power sources most robots use batteries, pneumatic (compressed gases) or hydraulics (compressed liquids) means, electricity, chemicals. 5. The reason a hypothesis is tested is so that it can be correct or incorrect according to the knowledge currently available.

XIV. К каждому предложению из предыдущего упражнения поставьте по нескольку вопросов.