Грамматика The Perfect Tenses (Active Voice)

to have + Participle II

Образование:

to have – изменяемая часть(зависит от времени, лица и числа подлежащего).

Participle II – неизменяемая часть.

Употребление: Времена группыPerfectвыражаютзавершенные действия:

PresentPerfect	К настоящему моменту времени действие закончено и есть какой-то результат. В предложении период времени выражен предлогами for, since. Настоящий момент включает в себя период времени, который еще не закончился (today, this week, this month, this year и т.д.) В предложении присутствуют наречия неопределенного времени (never, ever, just, already, lately, recently, not yet,)	I have reminded them about the meeting. I have reminded them about the meeting for three days. I have reminded them about the meeting this morning. I have already reminded them about the meeting.
PastPerfect	Для выражения действия, которое совершилось ранее другого действия в прошлом. Для выражения действия, которое закончилось к определенному моменту в прошлом (с предлогом by).	I had reminded them about the meeting before I went home. By Friday I had reminded them about the meeting three times.
FuturePerfect	Для выражения действия, которое совершится ранее другого действия в будущем. Для выражения действия, которое закончится к определенному моменту в будущем (с предлогом by).	I will have reminded them about the meeting before I go home. By Friday I will have reminded them about the meeting.

XIV. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них сказуемое, определите его время. Предложения переведите:

1. The exploration of Mars has been an important part of the space exploration programs. 2. By 2012, there will have been close to 900 million hosts in the World Wide Web. 3. The exploration of Jupiter has consisted only of a number of automated NASA spacecraft visiting the planet since 1973. 4. By the mid 20th century, humans had achieved a mastery of technology enough to explore space.

The Perfect Tenses (Passive Voice)

to have + been + Participle II

Образование:

to have – изменяемая часть(зависит от времени, лица и числа подлежащего).

been + Participle II – неизменяемая часть.

Употребление:

Правила употребления времен Perfectв страдательном залоге (PassiveVoice) такие же, как и в действительном залоге (ActiveVoice). Только всегда надо помнить о том, что страдательный залог показывает, что действие производится над подлежащим кем-то или чем-то.

XV. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них сказуемое, определите его время. Предложения переведите:

1. The formation of oxide layer which will protect the device against wear has been observed. 2. However, their potential application had been delayed because they didn’t provide any protection. 3. A new concept in material science will have been introduced by the beginning of the conference in May. 4. By the end of the 20^th century the Saturn had been explored only through unmanned spacecraft launched by NASA.

Схема образования вопросительного и отрицательного предложения во временах Perfect

The Active Voice:

They have designed a new machine tool.

The Passive Voice

A new machine tool has been designed by them.

XVI. Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Present Perfect (Active Voice). Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. The complex nature of wear (to have delayed) its investigations and (to have resulted) in isolated studies of specific wear mechanisms or processes. 2. Up to now there (to have been) no specific standard for testing or measuring a materials wear resistance. 3. There (to have been) a number of attempts to describe types of wear according to moving conditions in order to help better understand them. 4. In the types of bearing surface contact we (to have looked at), we (not to have seen) any advantages and in some cases we (to have noticed) negative effect.

XVII. Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Past Perfect (Active Voice). Задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. By 1990s the term “tribology” (to have diffused) into the international engineering field. 2. The space station Mir (to have been) in operation for fifteen years until March 23, 2001. 3. By the 29^th of September, the cosmonauts (to have installed) equipment in the docking system for the “Kvant 2” spacecraft, the first of the 20-ton add-on modules. 4. By the 19th century, such standard machine tools as lathes, shapers, planers, grinders, and milling, drilling, and boring machines (to have reached) a significant degree of accuracy.

XVIII. Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Future Perfect (Active Voice). Задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. The capabilities of a personal computer (to have changed) greatly by 2020s. 2. By next year robots (to have become) a popular tool in increasing interests in computing for high school students. 3. By the end of this decade the wear problems (to have been) a source for discussion and argumentation between researchers around the world. 4. By the moment we start mass production new investigations (to have led) to improved performance, reliability and extended life cycle of the aircraft.

XIX. Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Present Perfect (Passive Voice). Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. Since the 1980s, surface mount containers for capacitors (to have been used) widely. 2. Computers (to have been used) to coordinate information between different locations since the 1950s. 3. Space exploration (to have been used) as a tool to understand the Earth as a space object. 4. A large number of Earth observation satellites (to have been launched) recently specifically to explore the Earth from space. 5. Some tens of robotic spacecrafts, including orbiters, (to have been launched) toward Mars since the 1960s.

XX. Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Past Perfect (Passive Voice). Задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. Seven Salyut space stations (to have been launched) already by 1986. 2. 138 major science investigations (to have been conducted) on the ISS since the launch of Zarya in 1998. 3. By 1995 the Designed Office (to have planned) to begin a major research program to provide wear metal expertise for use in aircraft component failure analysis. 4. Computers using vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s, but by the 1960s they (to have been replaced) largely by transistor-based machines, which were smaller, faster, cheaper to produce, required less power, and were more reliable.

XXI. Инфинитив в скобках поставьте во время Future Perfect (Passive Voice). Задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:

1. To resist the wear problem most bearing surfaces (to have been hardened) before the bearing is used. 2. By the end of the year several different mechanisms (to have been offered) to describe the manner in which the material is removed. 3. An electronic circuit (to have been manufactured) in the surface of semiconductor material by the beginning of the year.

XXII. Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Определите время и залог сказуемого. Залог замените на противоположный:

1. The manufacturers have spent huge sums of money to develop tribotesters. 2. The first two laws of friction had been formulated by Leonardo da Vinci by the end of the 16^th century. 3. The Internet will have accelerated the creation of new forms of human interactions. 4. A number of wear tests have been developed by committees in an attempt to standardise wear testing for specific applications. 5. These microscopes have greatly increased the ability of surface scientists to measure the physical structure of many surfaces. 6. Such materials have had limited use due to their inability to protect the metallic surface.

XXIII. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них сказуемое, определите его время и залог. Сделайте грамматический разбор и поставьте не менее трех вопросов к каждому предложению:

1. Unconventional machine tools are used to shape the materials and alloys that have been developed to meet the needs of modern technology. 2. By the end of testing several different mechanisms will have been recomended to describe the manner in which the material is removed. 3. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons has progressed throughout history. 4. From about 1930 to 1950 more powerful machine tools were built to utilize effectively the greatly improved cutting materials that had become available. 5. Empiricalinvestigations of the natural world have been described sinceantiquity,scientific methodshave been employed since theMiddle Ages and the rapid development of modern science has generally begun since the 17th century.