Vocabulary development: word building

Суффикс -ing образует причастие настоящего времени, отглагольное существительное, и герундий и передает значение «процесса»: processing -обработка; developing - разработка.

Exercise 1. Translate the words and word combinations with the suffix - ing:

welding, welding fundamentals, arc welding, gas welding for joining metals, by applying heat, upon cooling, soldering, brazing, moving, an electrode, means of covering, arc shielding, electrode coating, electrode positioning, shielding gas, using electricity, welding position.

Exercise 2. Translate the original and derivative words, using a dictionary and create some new words by adding suffixes:

verb	noun (abstract)	noun (personal)	adjective
to weld	welding	welder	–
погружаться	submergence submersion	–	submerse submersible
to fuse	fusion fusibility	fusionist	fusible
to fill	наполнитель	filler	–
-	metallurgy	металлург	metallurgical
to mix	смесь mixer	–	–
to duplicate	duplication duplicate duplicator	–	duplicate duplex
to deposit	deposition depository	depositor depositary	–
to tend	tendency tendance	tender	tendentious tender
to destroy	destruction	destroyer destructor	разрушительный
to consume	consumption	consumer	consumable

Grammar study: Participle II as an attribute

Одной из функций Participle II является определение. В этой функции причастие прошедшего времени переводится на русский язык страдательным причастием с суффиксами-окончаниями -(н)ный, -тый, -емый: the predicated event – предсказанное событие; the joined parts – соединенные детали; welded pipes – сваренные или свариваемые трубы.

Text Read the text telling about main types of welding Welding Fundamentals

In manufacture various types of welding are used: arc welding, shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, submerged arc welding.

Arc welding is one of the several fusion processes for joining metals. By applying intense heat metal at the joint between two parts is melted and caused to intermix with an intermediate molten filler metal. Upon cooling and solidification, a metallurgical bond is created. Since the joining is an intermixture of metals, the final weldment potentially has the same strength properties as the metal of parts. This is in sharp contrast to non-fusion processes of joining (soldering, brazing and others) in which the mechanical and physical properties of the base materials cannot be duplicated at the joint.

In arc welding, the intense heat needed to melt metal is produced by an electric arc. An arc is an electric current flowing between two electrodes through an ionized column of gas. The arc is formed between the actual work and an electrode (stick or wire) that is manually or mechanically guided along the joint. However, joining metals requires more than moving an electrode along a joint. Metals at high temperatures tend to react chemically with elements in the air – oxygen and nitrogen. When metal in the molten pool comes into contact with air, oxides and nitrides form environment which destroy the strength and toughness of the weld joint. Therefore, many arc-welding processes provide some means of covering the arc and the molten pool with a protective shield of gas, vapor, or slag. This is called arc shielding. This shielding prevents or minimizes contact of the molten metal with air. Shielding also may improve the weld.

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), both most commonly referred to as MIG (metal inert gas) use a spool of wire that is either housed inside the power source or fed from an external wire feeder. This wire or filler material is fed through a welding gun. GMAW or MIG welding utilizes solid metal wire, which requires the use of a shielding gas to protect the weld puddle from the atmosphere. FCAW uses a hollow wire filled with a flux powder. The flux in the wire serves the same purposes as the electrode coating in SMAW (shielded metal arc welding). FCAW is currently used primarily on steels and stainless steels. By SMAW the welding operator holds the gun in one hand, squeezes the trigger and welds. Since other processes typically require very specific electrode positioning and manipulation, GMAW is the fastest growing process.

SMAW, or stick welding, is the most common form of arc welding. In the process, a stick or electrode is placed at the end of a holder. Using electricity from the power source, an arc is stuck between the tip of the electrode and the metal welding surface. The heat of the arc melts the tip of the electrode creating the filler material that is deposited as the electrode is consumed. The stick is versatile because, it takes the least equipment, which makes it easy to set up or move to a new location. The main disadvantage of SMAW is the amount of downtime associated with the process: an electrode must be changed once it is consumed. This requires the operator to stop welding to change the electrode.

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) is the process where an electric arc is established between a non-consumable tungsten electrode and the base metal. The arc zone is filled with an inert gas, typically argon, which protects the tungsten and molten metal from oxidation and provides an easily ionized path for the arc current. GTAW produces high quality welds on almost all metals and alloys and is ideally suited for welding on thin metal sheets and foils. The main disadvantage of GTAW is that it produces the slowest metal deposition rate of all the processes.

Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) uses a continuously fed wire with a granular material called flux to cover the weld area. This type of welding is used primarily on heavier plate applications such as structural steel and on specialized high speed welding of light sections. Owing to the flux, very little welding fume is produced, leaving the shop air much cleaner. Since the flux covers the whole arc, a welding helmet is not required. Disadvantages include limited welding positions, because flux comes in granular form.

Exercise 3. Translate word combinations with Participle II as an attribute:

shielded arc, submerged arc, molten metal, the needed heat, ionized gas, an electrode guided along the joint, molten pool, a hollow wire filled with a flux powder, downtime associated with the process, ionized path, a continuously fed wire, granular material called flux, limited welding positions.

Exercise 4. Match the words in the left column with those in the right and

translate them:

1. welding	a) flux
2. arc	b) source
3. fusion	c) an electrode
4. joining	d) filler
5. molten	e) wire
6. metallurgical	f) coating
7. protective	g) gas
8. to guide	h) the trigger
9. a spool of	i) rate
10. electrode	j) shield
11. to squeeze	k) metal
12. power	l) fundamentals
13. inert	m) process
14. deposition	n) bond
15. granular	o) welding

Exercise 5. Complete the sentences:

1. Arc welding in the process for …

2. Upon cooling … … is created.

3. As a result of welding, the weldment has the same …

4. The non-fusion processes of joining metals are …

5. In arc welding, the heat needed to melt metal is produced by …

6. The arc is formed between ….

7. Covering the arc with a protective shield is called …

8. The wire or filler material is fed through …

9. The main disadvantage of SMAW (shielded metal arc welding) is ...

10. GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) produces high quality welds on …

11. Submerged arc welding (SAW) uses a continuously fed wire with a granular material called …

12. Owing to the flux …