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Киевский национальный экономический университет им. В. Гетьмана
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soon as та інш.

If Dennis studies hard, he will pass his exams. If Dennis doesn’t study hard, he won’t pass his exams. = Unless Dennis studies hard, he won’t pass his

exams.

They’ve gone to Italy.

Поїхали кудись до Італії і поки не повернулисяь.

They have been in Italy for 3 months.

Увесь цей час вони знаходяться

/живуть там.

401

Не мають форми тривалого часу дієслова, що виражають

1.почуття і емоції: like, love, adore, detest, dislike, prefer, hate;

2.бажання і потреби: want, wish, desire, need, satisfy;

3.приналежність, власність: have, own, possess, belong, etc.;

4.сприйняття органами чуття: see, look, hear, sound, smell, taste, feel;

5.згоду, здогадку, думку, сумнів, розумове сприйняття: agree, guess, believe/think/suppose, expect (that), doubt, forget, remember, recognize, remind, resemble, realise, know, notice, understand, etc.;

6.дієслова на позначення стану або зміни стану: remain/stay (=continue to be), keep, seem/appear, prove;

7.інші дієслова, які не можуть виражати дію або стан як процес: be, consist of, contain, comprise, include, mean, matter, depend on, rely on, require, cost, etc.

Дієслова, які можуть вживатися у тривалому часі, але при цьому їх значення змінюється

 

Present Simple

Present Continuous

 

(стан)

(дія)

 

 

 

smell

It smells (пахне) of spring.

She is smelling (нюхає) the roses.

 

It smells of freshly baked bread.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

402

taste

It tastes (на смак) very good.

I’m tasting (куштую) the soup to

 

 

see if it is OK.

 

 

 

 

I see (розумію) what you mean.

I’m seeing (зустрічаюсь) Sam

see

I can see (бачити) a light in the

this evening.

 

distance.

 

 

 

 

look

Angela doesn’t look (не

We’re looking (дивимося) at the

 

виглядає) her age at all.

photos.

 

You look (виглядаєш) so pretty

 

 

in this dress.

 

 

 

 

feel

The scarf feels (на дотик) soft.

I’m just feeling (торкаюсь,

 

I feel (відчуваю, думаю) we

пробую на дотик) the quality of

 

shouldn’t do it.

this towel.

 

 

 

have

They have (мають) a beautiful

We are having a party (буде

 

house in Green Street.

вечірка) this Saturday.

 

 

* have breakfast/lunch/dinner;

 

 

have a shower/a bath;

 

 

have a party/ a meeting;

 

 

have problems/difficulties

 

 

 

 

 

 

403

think

What do you think (думаєш … -

What are you thinking (думаєш)

 

твоя думка) of the government?

about, Vic? – About our journey

 

 

to Italy.

 

 

 

expect

I expect (думаю, гадаю) that

We are expecting

 

you’re tired. Economists expect

(очікуємо,чекаємо) Alison

 

(вважають, очікують) that the

home any minute now.

 

rate of inflation will rise.

 

 

 

 

fit

This jacket fits (сидить на) you

The plumber is fitting

 

pretty well. The music fits

(встановлює) the sink at the

 

(підходить) the words perfectly.

moment.

 

 

 

weigh

Now the baby weighs (важить)

The nurse is weighing (зважує)

 

more.

the baby.

 

 

 

404

ГРУПА МИНУЛИХ ЧАСІВ Утворення стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних форм

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

V-ed/2*

was

had + V-ed/3*

had + been + V-ing

 

+ V-ing

 

 

 

were

 

 

+

+

+

+

I/we/you/he/she/it/they waited

I/he/she/it was waiting

I/we/you/he/she/it/they had

I/we/you/he/she/it/they had

I/we/you/he/she/it/they went

We/you/they were waiting

reported

been reporting

 

 

I/we/you/he/she/it/they had

 

 

 

written

 

-

-

-

-

I/we/you/he/she/it/they did

I he/she/it was not (wasn’t)

I/we/you/he/she/it/they had

I/we/you/he/she/it/they had

not (didn’t) wait

waiting

not (hadn’t) reported

not ( hadn’t) been reporting

 

We/you/they were not

I/we/you/he/she/it/they had

 

I/we/you/he/she/it/they did

(weren’t) waiting

not/hadn’t written

 

not (didn’t) go

 

 

 

405

?

?

?

?

Did I/we/ you/he/she/it/they

Was I/he/she/it waiting?

Had I/we/you/he/she/it/they

Had I/we/you/he/she/it/they

wait? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.

Were I/we/you/they waiting?

reported ?Yes, I had.

been reporting? Yes, I had.

Did I/we/ you/he/she/it/they

Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.

No, hadn’t.

No, I hadn’t.

go? Yes, they did. No, they

Yes, we were. No, we

Had I/we/you/he/she/it/they

 

didn’t.

weren’t.

written? Yes, I had.

 

 

 

No, I hadn’t.

 

 

 

 

 

Типи питальних речень

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

 

 

 

 

Last summer Jacob visited his

It was early spring morning.

By the time Mathew arrived,

Rachel had been training for

friend in Florida. They had a

Rachel was sitting in a

the lecture had already

six months before she got a

very good time together.

pavement café and enjoying

started, and the professor had

promotion.

 

her first cup of strong coffee.

outlined the planof their work.

 

 

 

 

 

406

Did Jacob visit his friend in

Was Rachel sitting in her

Had the lecture started when

Had Rachel been training

winter? - No, he didn’t.

kitchen? - No, she wasn’t.

Mathew arrived? -Yes, it had.

forlong before she got a

Did they have a good time

Was she enjoying her first

Had the lecturer explained

promotion? -Yes, she had.

together? -Yes, they did.

cup of coffee? -Yes, she was.

many rulesby the time

Had she been training for a

 

 

Mathew arrived?-No, he

year? -No, she hadn’t.

 

 

hadn’t.

 

 

 

 

 

Did Jacob go to Florida or to

Was she sitting in a café or in

Had the professor explained

Had she been training for a

Taxes? - He went to Florida.

a restaurant? - She wassitting

many rulesoroutlined the

year or for six monthsbefore

 

in a pavement café.

planof their workby the time

she got a promotion?- She had

 

 

Mathew arrived? – He had

been training for six months.

 

 

outlinedthe planof their work

 

 

 

 

 

Jacob visited his friend last

Rachel was sitting in a

The lecturehadn’t started yet

Rachel had been training for

summer, didn’t he? - Yes, he

pavement café, wasn’t she? -

when Mathew arrived, had it?

six months before she got a

did.

Yes, she was.

- Yes, it had.

promotion, hadn’t she?-Yes,

Jacob didn’t enjoy the

She wasn’tenjoying her

The professor had outlinedthe

she had.

company of his friend, did he?

coffee, was she? –Yes, she

planof their workwhen

Rachel hadn’t been training

- Yes, he did.

was.

Mathew arrived, hadn’the? -

for a year before she got a

 

 

Yes, hehad.

promotion, had she? – No, she

 

 

 

hadn’t.

 

 

 

 

407

When did Jacob visit his

WherewasRachel sitting? –

Whathad the professor

How long had Rachel been

friend? - He visited his friend

She was sitting in a pavement

explained/said by the

trainingbefore she got a

last summer.

café.

timeMathew came? – He had

promotion? – She had been

Wheredid Jacob go on holiday

Who was enjoying a cup of

outlined the plan of their

training for six months.

last summer? - Jacob wentto

strong coffee? - Rachelwas.

work.

Who hadbeen training for six

Florida.

 

Whohad outlined the planof

months? - Rachel had.

Who went to Florida last

 

their workby the timeMathew

 

summer? - Jacob did.

 

came?– The professor had.

 

 

 

 

 

Випадки вживання минулих часів

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

 

 

 

 

408

1. Дія, що відбулася в

1. Дія, яка тривала в

1.Дія чи стан, які

1. Дія, яка тривала в

певний час в минулому.

певний час в минулому.

закінчились до іншої дії чи

минулому і почалась

Час вказаний чи

Час початку чи

моменту в минулому.

раніше іншої дії,

відомий з контексту.

закінчення дії

All the documents had been

вираженоївPastSimple, іяка

Yesterday I called Jason on

невідомий, у контексті

ready by 5’clock. I had already

тривала протягом

the phone. We had a long

не вказано.

worked in marketing before I

певногоперіодучасу,

talk.

What were you doing in

joined my present company.

нащовказують зазвичай

 

the office at 8 o’clock

 

такі слова, як ‘since’,

2.Послідовні дії, які

yesterday evening? We

2. Дія , яка завершилась в

‘for’таін.

відбувались

were still considering new

минулому та результати дії

Alan had been

безпосередньо одна за

commercial offers.

спостерігались теж в

lookingforanother job forabout

одною в минулому.

 

минулому.

a year before he finally found

Helen went out, took a taxi

2.Дія, яка тривала в той

 

what he wanted.

and rushed to the office.

час, як інша дія її

3. Вконструкціях

She had been cooking all day

 

перервала.

nosooner … than =

when Louis phoned her and

3.Звичні повторювані

Cameron was talking on

hardly …when(ледве/не встиг

said that they wouldn’t come.

минулі дії.

the phone when Sheila

…, як ….),які підкреслюють,

 

Last year they sent me an

came.

що одна діявідбуласьвідразу,

2. Дія, яка тривала певний

accountingevery month.

While we were developing

як тількивідбулась інша.

період часу в минулому та

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

409

Часто для вираження

повторюваних дій або

стану в минулому

вживається

usedto(раніше, бувало).

Ron used to smoke heavily when he was at university.

Now he doesn’t smoke at all.

Nicole didn’t use to go out much until she met Paul. (Now she goes out very often.)

Слова, з якими часто вживаєтьсяPastSimple: yesterday, last night/ week/ month/ year, three days/ weeks/ months ago, in

2002,How long ago ….?, When ….?, та ін.

a new working model, the

company decided to stop

the project.

3. Дві чи більше дій, що

тривали одночасно в

певний час в минулому.

While they were discussing the terms and conditions of the contract, the secretary was typing.

Слова, з якими часто вживаєтьсяPastContinuou

s:

when, while, as, still, all morning/day /night,та ін.

Зазвичайутакихвипадкахвж

иваєтьсяінверсія.

No soonerhad she reached the telephone than it stopped ringing. = She had no sooner reached the phone than it stopped ringing.

Hardlyhad she hung up the phone when it rang again. = She had hardly hung up the phone when it rang again.

Слова, з якими часто вживаєтьсяPastPerfect:

ever, never, just, already, before, after, till, until, when, by, by the time, hardly…when,no sooner … than, та ін.

чиї результати

спостерігались в

минулому.

It had been raining hard all night long. The roads were wet in the morning.

Слова, з якими часто вживаєтьсяPastPerfect:

for, since, before, until, till, all night/ morning/ day (long),How long …?, Since when …?, та ін.

410

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