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8. Абсолютный причастный оборот (the Nominative Absolute)

  1. When the powers of the House of Lords were reduced in 1911, the maximum duration of Parliament was reduced to five years, because it was thought that, the effective powers of the House of Commons having been increased, the majority ought to secure a renewal of its mandate more often. (J.Jennings)

  2. To the bulk of these people Britain is a strange land, and there are some who do not speak its language. Many are Maltese of origin, but strangers in Malta, having spent their whole live in Egypt. ("The Times")

  3. With the North Atlantic Treaty Organization rent with dissension over Suez, now is the time to get rid of all military pacts and blocs. ("DW")

  4. In many ways it might have been preferable if, the split having

occurred, the party had immediately rallied round Mr. Todd and confirmed under his leadership. ("The Times")

  1. During the Festival several halls in the Moscow State University will be taken over for dancing each evening, orchestras of different nations playing in each. ("DW")

  2. Some 3,000 will leave the Electric and Musical Industries works in September, some of the workers having had 40 years service with the firm. ("DW")

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9. Given

Given (в начале предложения) означает учитывая, в случае...

  1. These target figures are not wildly extravagant, given the rate of development which Russia has already achieved. (" The Times")

  2. Given the present industrial climate, the arrangement which grants the personnel no voice in determining the modes of payment or in the management of the enterprise seems to have proven insufficient to bring about the improvement of labour-management relations necessary for greater productivity. ("Economic Issues")

  3. Given good weather the campaign should greatly help the supply of fodder. ("The Times")

10. Пассивная конструкция

  1. Such trifles should be put up with.

  2. The drowning man was thrown a rope.

  3. This poor old blind man is never read to.

  4. The ship was lost sight of.

  5. Are we really meant to learn this by heart?

  6. The room could be entered through a massive oak door.

  7. This case of mental illness should be dealt with separately.

  8. Edgar Рое is felt to be of insane mind in his later poems.

  9. Such results are not to be wondered at.

  10. His presence was taken no notice of.

  11. This boy is not spoken to.

  12. I don't understand why I am asked such a question.

  13. John is not to be relied upon.

  14. The bed was not slept in.

  15. The house was not lived in.

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11. Модальные глаголы

Pay attention to patterns modal verb + Past Participle.

A. Must, can, may, ought, might, to be

  1. His early years are but little known to biographers. Yet, he must have started studying music at a much earlier age than is generally presupposed. (Biography)

  2. You must have read about many acts of violence directed against the negro communists of South Africa. Yet there may and, indeed, there must have been others which have never reached the columns of the press.

  3. The Algerians could never have committed the atrocities the bourgeois press alleges they have done. ("DW")

  4. The Costa-Rica Government may have incurred heavier debts than those officially started. ("The Economist")

  5. War preparations in Germany must have started earlier than was announced in the newspapers.

  6. Development in India is to proceed at a faster rate than hitherto, the Indian Times announced yesterday

  7. We are just to start immediately! Please none of your "Just another minute please". The steamer is leaving and we can't afford to miss it. (S. Brown)

  8. The relaxation of international tension may yet prove to be a more potent factor than many continue to think.

  9. What we ought to do with all our might is to put struggle and struggle again against the infiltration of American comics in Great Britain. ("DW")

B. Would

  1. "Chris is a business woman," said Roy Drover and Roy would know. (S. Lewis)

  2. He wondered what had become of the boys who were his companions; they were nearly thirty now; some would be dead but others were married and had children. (W.S. Таugham)

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  1. As World War II also underscored, the Latin American countries control much of the mineral and other natural resources that the U.S. needs to supplement its own. That would appear a guarantee of instability of the Western Hemisphere. ("The New York Times")

  2. Some of your remarks about hay fever in your topics of Aug. 6 would indicate that your knowledge is based upon American experience only.