Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Сибирская язва микробиологические аспекты. Учебное пособие.pdf
31
When the summer comes, we will go home. Когда придет лето, мы
поедем домой.
If Pete meets Kate, he will inform her of the lecture Если Петя
встретит Катю, он скажет ей о лекции.
Придаточные предложения времени вводятся союзами: when когда;
after после того как; before прежде чем, до того как; as soon as как
только и др.
Придаточные условия чаще всего вводятся союзом if если.
4.1 Выполните следующие задания
Переведите следующие предложения:
а) 1. В следующем месяце студенты будут жить в новом доме. 2.
Наша работа летом будет интересной. 3. Если у нас будет время, мы
будем встречаться каждый день. 4. Лекция состоится через два дня. 5.
Завтра я не пойду в библиотеку, потому что у меня будет мало
времени. 6. Вы будете дома вечером? Если вы будете, я приду к вам.
7. В прошлом году Петя не учился в нашей группе. 8. Вечером Петя
обычно занимается английским в течение часа. 9. Завтра будет
холодно. 10. Давайте говорить по-английски! И. Приходите ко мне,
когда у вас будет время.
б) 1. Мой брат хочет учиться в сельскохозяйственной академии..
2. В школе он изучал немецкий язык; он знает много немецких слов;
он читает, пишет и немного говорит по - немецки. 3. В Москве он
будет жить без родителей. 4. Преподаватели института будут
помогать ему. 5. Кестеру понравится Москва, когда он увидит ее сады
и парки. 6. Защита и сохранение природы сейчас необходимы для
будущей жизни на земле. 7. Деревья берут минеральные вещества из
почвы и дышат листьями. 8. Если вы будете свободны сегодня
вечером, вы пойдете на лекцию о защите растений? — Да. 9. Не
приходите завтра ко мне. Я буду занят. 10. Если люди сохранят все
растения, которые сейчас растут на земле, то на ней всегда будет
достаточно кислорода для человека и животных.
Задания коммуникативной направленности
1. Практико-ориентированная задача.
Вы беседуете с другом из Индии по скайпу. Он предлагает
вместе посетить Париж, а вы хотите посетить Лондон. Расскажите о
Лондоне так, чтобы он изменил своё решение.
2. Подготовьте презентации на тему «Лондон».
32
Additional reading
1. London attractions
The British Museum is the largest and richest museum in the world.
It was founded in 1753. It has mountains of books. It is packed with books
about everything from dinosaurs to space. It has a copy of every book
published in this country.
The Tower of London is a very old building. It has more than 900
years old. English kings lived in it many years ago, but now it is a
museum. Tourists like to visit the tower. It was a fortress, a royal place and
later a prison. The ravens are another famous sign. The legend says that
without them the Tower will fall.
The Buckingham Palace-is the Royal residence. It was built in
1703. It is now the official home of Queen Elizabeth. There are nearly six
hundred rooms and 3 miles of red carpet. Buckingham Palace is like a
small town, with a police station, a hospital, a bar, a cinema and a
swimming pool. About 7 hundred people work in the Palace.
Westminster Abbey
It is more than nine hundred years old. There are many monuments and
statues there, many English kings and queens are buried there. It is famous
for the Poet’s Corner. It is one of the most famous and beautiful churches in
London. This church has two tall towers. In 1952 Queen Elizabeth was
crowned there.
The Houses of Parliament.
They are long grey buildings with towers. The large clock in one of the
towers is “Big Ben”. You can hear the sound of “Big Ben” every hour in
London The clock and the bell got their names after Sir Benjamin Hall. The
members of the British Parliament work in these buildings.
Trafalgar Square-.Some people say it is the most beautiful place in
London. In the middle of the Square stands a tall column. It is a monument to
Admiral Nelson. Four bronze lions look at the square from the monument.
There are two beautiful fountains [fauntinz] in the square.
Parks of London.
Londoners like their parks and proud of them. The parks are full of
trees, grass, flowers and water. The largest parks of London are Hyde Park
and Regent's Park. Regent's Park contains London Zoo a boating lake and an
open-air theatre. Closer to central London are Green Park and St. James's
Park. Hyde Park is popular for sports and sometimes open-air concerts. St.
James's Park, the oldest London Park, is very beautiful with its trees and
flower beds and view of Buckingham Palace. You can see the statue of Peter
Pen in Kensington Gardens. Parks are free in London.
The London Eye is a top London attraction. It is situated on the River
Thames, on a clear day you can see around 40km. At 150 metres tall, you can
33
look out and see over 55 of London’s main attractions including Big Ben, the
Houses of Parliament, Trafalgar Square, Buckingham Palace and many
others.
2. Belfast
Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland, it is situated at the head of the
wide Belfast Lough, the inlet of the North Channel on the eastern coast of the
island, where the river Lagan reaches the shore. The bigger half of the
population of Northern Ireland is concentrated in Belfast, because people are
employed at ports, docks, factories and plants.
Shipbuilding and aircraft building are the leading industries. The
shipyards are producing passenger liners and aircraft carriers o2 the largest
size. There are also the largest rope works, food processing, tobacco and
other consumer goods factories in the city.
Belfast is also important for Northern Ireland as a port. It's hard to
believe but almost three-quarters of the external trade goes through Belfast.
For many people the name of Belfast means «Troubles». It was used
for the sectarian division between Roman Catholics and Protestants and
terrorism in Northern Ireland, which began in 1969. By the end of 1999 over
3 000 people together with the members of the British Army and innocent
civilians lost their lives.
Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Is Belfast the capital of Scotland or Northern Ireland?
3. Why is the bigger half of the population concentrated in Belfast?
4. What are the leading industries of Belfast?
5. Why is it important as a port?
3. Edinburgh
Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland and one of the most beautiful cities
in Europe. It lies in seven hills and goes down those hills to the sea. The
highest hill is three hundred metres above the sea. From the street in the
centre of the city you can see ships coming to Edinburgh from different
countries of the world.
In the « old town » the streets are narrow. The tall houses with narrow
windows go up the hills to Edinburgh castle, which is one thousand years old.
The modern town lies at the foot of the hills. The streets are straight and well
planned, so it is easy to walk in the city when you go sightseeing in
Edinburgh. Many great men have lived and worked in Edinburgh. Robert
Burns, the great Scottish poet, published his first book of poems in
Edinburgh. There is a monument to him in the city. Edinburgh is also proud
34
of Walter Scott, the father of the historical novel in world literature, and
Robert Louis Stevenson, a famous English writer.
This city is a great educational centre, there are three universities.
Scientists Such as John Napier who invented logarithms, Adam Smith, the
father of political economy, Alexander Bell, the inventor of the telephone
also lived and worked in Edinburgh.
The Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh is another official residence of
besides the Queen Buckingham Palace. This Palace is a museum with a
number of museums inside it. There are the Museum of Childhood with its
unique collection of toys and games, the writer's Museum, the People's Story
Museum, which tells the story of ordinary people.
It seems that past and present live in Edinburgh side by side, and it gives a
special charm to the city. But in fact, Edinburgh is a busy town. People are
employed in manufacturing industry: electrical and electronics engineering,
paper printing and publishing, food and drink industry.
Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Where does Edinburgh lie?
2. What is the «old town» like?
3. Where is the modern town situated?
4. What famous people lived in Edinburgh?
5. What museums are there in Edinburgh?
6. What gives a special charm to the city?
4. Cardiff
It is a well-known fact that Cardiff is a capital of Wales. It lies near the
mouth of the river Taff, which flows into the English Channel. Romans first
occupied this place about 75 BC, they built a fort there. In the 3rd-4th
centuries they built a massive wall around it, nowadays people can still
observe its traces at various parts of the modern city. When Roman forces left
Britain, all the people followed their example. Only 700 years later with the
coming of Normans, they came back to live there again.
For some people today Cardiff seems too Victorian, too formal, too
dignified. But in fact it is not really so, Cardiff is a relaxed city with a
thriving cultural life. The New Theatre of Cardiff performs all kinds of music
and entertainment. You won't see dirty docklands and provincial mediocrity
in Cardiff. The Castle is the first thing that catches visitor's eye. It is situated
in the heart of the city and parkland and acres of surround it. The Castle with
its Roman foundation, medieval core and rich Victorian mansion represents
itself the best jewel in Cardiff's crown. Splendid neo-classical white-stoned
architectural ensemble of the Civic Centre, the City hall, National Museum,
Law Courts and University buildings are wonderful sights of the city.
35
National Museum of Cardiff contains a world-class collection of
impressionist paintings, it is considered as one of the greatest collections
outside Paris and St Petersburg.
Cardiff is quite an ancient town, but only in the 19th century it became
a centre of export trade in coal. The First and the Second World Wars
stopped the demand for the Welsh coal both at home and abroad, and the
growth of the city almost went down.
Cardiff today is not like that it was earlier. There are many shopping
malls, Victorian shopping arcades, cafes, bistros and many places where one
can taste the locally brewed beer.
Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Where is Cardiff situated?
2. When was it occupied by Romans?
3. What country is Cardiff a capital of?
4. What thing catches the visitor's eye first?
5. What is there in the National Museum of Cardiff?
6. Is Cardiff an ancient city?
36
РАЗДЕЛ 2. ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС
Тема 2.1 Экологические проблемы в современном мире
Глоссарий
Переведите и выучите английские эквиваленты следующих слов:
окружающая среда, охрана, загрязнение, отходы, утилизация, выброс,
атмосфера, загрязнение воды, загрязнение воздуха, парниковый
эффект, глобальное потепление
Задания
1. Ознакомьтесь с правилами образования степеней сравнения
прилагательных и наречий и сделайте конспект
1.1 Существует три степени сравнения:
1. Положительная (или нейтральная), обозначающая качество
(свойство) предмета, лица или явления вне сравнения с другим
предметом, лицом или явлением, т. е. употребление прилагательного
в его нейтральной форме без выражения усиления качества
(свойства):
long — длинный, big — большой, useful — полезный.
2. Сравнительная — обозначает большую степень данного
качества или свойства у того или другого предмета, лица или явления
сравнительно с тем же качеством у какого-нибудь другого предмета,
лица или явления (или у того же предмета, лица или явления в другое
время):
longer— длиннее, bigger — больше, more useful — полезнее.
3. Превосходная — обозначает наивысшую степень проявления
качества (свойства) у того или иного предмета, лица или явления
среди всех однородных предметов, лиц или явлений, обладающих тем
же качеством (или у того же предмета, лица или явления в другое
время):
(the) longest — самый длинный, the biggest — самый большой, the
most useful — самый полезный.
Особенности образования
Сравнительная степень односложных (как правило) и некоторых
двусложных прилагательных образуется при помощи прибавления к
положительной форме суффикса — еr, а превосходная степень —
суффикса — est.
large — larger — largest большой — больше — самый большой
У большинства двусложных и у всех многосложных
прилагательных сравнительная степень образуется путем
37
прибавления к положительной форме наречия more, а к превосходной
— наречия most:
interesting — more interesting — most interesting
интересный — более интересный (интереснее) — самый интересный
(интереснейший)
Исключения
Положительная
степень
Сравнительная степень
Превосходная
степень
good — хороший
better — лучше
best — наилучший,
самый лучший
bad — плохой
worse — хуже
worst — худший,
самый плохой
little — маленький
less — меньше
least — наименьший,
самый маленький
far — далёкий
farther — более далекий,
более, дальний
further — дальнейший (по
порядку), добавочный
farthest — самый
далёкий (дальний)
furthest — самый
далёкий (дальний)
2. Выполните упражнения
2.1 Образуйте степени сравнения:
difficult, big, little, friendly, fine, busy, easy, cold, comfortable, good,
wide, badly.
2.2 Раскройте скобки и переведите предложения:
1. My friend is (tall) than my brother.
2. The (much) we work, the (well) we live.
3.This building is the (high) in Moscow.
4. The population of Kursk is (little) than that of Moscow.
5. Our town is not so (large) as Kiev.
6. It is the (quiet) place in the park.
2.3 Переведите предложения на английский язык:
1. Эта улица самая красивая в городе.
2. Твой доклад интереснее моего.
3. Волга длиннее Невы
4. Лондон старше Москвы.
5. Большинство обучающихся нашей группы учат английский.
6. Это самая важная проблема
38
2.4 Переведите письменно:
1. Москва - один из древних городов нашей страны. 2. Москва больше
Санкт Петербурга. 3. Лена длиннее Волги. Это самая длинная река в
Российской Федерации. 4. Москва-река не такая длинная, как Волга.
5. Осенью не так холодно, как зимой. 6. Лето — самое теплое время
года. 7. Петр живет дальше от института, чем Аня и я. 8. Вчера мы
обсудили наиболее важные вопросы.
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст «Экологические проблемы»
Our environment is constantly changing. This is the fact we cannot
deny. The way technological progress influences the environment is not
the most favourable.
Today humanity is facing numerous environmental problems. If we do not
pay attention to these problems right now, we may face even bigger natural
disasters in the future.
Pollution
Pollution is one of the biggest problems. Plants and motor vehicles
are number one pollutants. Their harmful emissions pollute the
environment. Oil spills and acid rains make the World Ocean dirty.
Global warming
Global warming is the result of human activity. It is characterized by
rising temperatures of the oceans and earth’s surface causing rise in sea
levels and melting of polar ice cover. Apart from that, floods,
desertification and excessive snow are also signs of global warming.
Climate change
Global warming causes the rise of another serious problem, known as
climate change. Climate change can lead to the development of other
harmful effects in our life, such as occurrence of new diseases and change
in seasons.
Deforestation
Today forests cover about 30% of land. Every year this figure
decreases more and more. People clear out new territories for residential
buildings, new plants and factories. We must realize that deforestation
causes the extinction of animals and plants.
Ozone layer depletion
Ozone layer protects our planet from the sun’s harmful rays. Due to
atmospheric emissions of the so-called CFC’s, the ozone layer depletes.
This results in occurrence of the holes in the ozone layer.
Today CFC’s are banned in many industries. However, we must remember
that if this problem is not taken under control, harmful rays of the sun will
easily penetrate the atmosphere. The biggest hole in the ozone layer is
located above the Antarctic.
39
3.1 Составьте по данному тексту 10 вопросов (5 типов).
3.2 Вставьте следующие слова в предложения:
waste, pollution, protect, factory, recycled, emissions, damage,
environmentalists
1. During the last hundred years we have done great……..to the
environment.
2. There’s a large chemical……..in our town which has polluted the river
twice in the last year.
3. The Government is very worried about the ……..of our rivers and beaches.
4. A lot of household……..like bottles and newspapers can be……..and used
again.
5…………are furious with the American Government for delaying measures
which will reduce greenhouse gas………
6. There are lots of things we can all do to ……..the environment.
2) Вставьте следующие слова в предложения:exhaust fumes, toxic waste,
emissions, deforestation, pesticides, crops
1. The Government is introducing strict new rules on the dumping of
…………. by industry.
2. Farmers contribute to environmental damage by spraying …….. with
…………. which stay in the soil for years.
3. ………….. from factories in northern Germany affect the environment in
large parts of Scandinavia.
4. Tropical rainforests have always helped to keep the environment in
balance but recent ………… means they no longer absorb as much carbon
dioxide as they used to.
5. …….. from cars and other vehicles cause a great deal of damage to the
environment.
3.3 Соотнесите слова под цифрами со словами под буквами, чтобы
получились употребляющиеся сочетания:
1. global
a. rain
2. greenhouse
b. warming
3. ozone
c. effect
4. acid
d. layer
Задания коммуникативной направленности
Практико-ориентированная задача: Вас пригласили на
международную конференцию по вопросам окружающей среды, какие
экологические проблемы вы бы хотели обсудить и почему.
40
Additional reading
1. Nature conservation
Now in the period of most intensive development of industry and
agriculture nature (i.е. air, water, land) is greatly polluted. It is very
harmful for plants, animals and for the health of people. For example,
under the influence of air pollution the yields of wheat decrease bу 40-60
%. Thus the programme of nature conservation is of special importance.
Natural resources should bе used: first- economically, second- very
carefully to prevent harmful effect of waste products of industry and
agriculture оп the environment. We should bе careful not to destroy the
balance of the biosphere and to preserve nature for оur generation and for
the future generations. Оnе of the problems of environmental conservation
is soil erosion control. If soil is poorly managed it is lost. Another
important problem is pest control. Pesticides should bе used very carefully
or they mау destroy useful insects and contaminate food and feed. Thus
ecological problems are very important in оur life. Ecology should bе part
of agricultural education. Besides agricultural policy of every government
should include nature conservation measures.
Voсabulary
1. most intensive development - интенсивное развитие
2. greatly polluted - значительно загрязненный harmful - вредный
3. health - здоровье
4. under the influence - под влиянием
5. air pollution - загрязнение воздуха
6. the yields of wheat decrease bу 40-60 % - урожайность пшеницы
снижается на 40-60 %
7. nature conservation - охрана окружающей среды
8. natural resources - природные ресурсы
9. economically - экономически
10. prevent harmful effect of waste products - предотвращать
вредное воздействие отходов
11. environment - окружающая среда
12. not to destroy the balance of the biosphere - не разрушить
баланс биосферы
13. preserve nature for оur generation - сохранить природу для
нашего поколения
14. soil erosion control - борьба с эрозией почвы
15. if soil is poorly managed it is lost - если почва плохо
обрабатывается, она разрушается
16. pest control - борьба с вредителями
41