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Файл:Сибирская язва микробиологические аспекты. Учебное пособие.pdf
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3. Decision making is divided into … .
a) planning and controlling.
b) recognizing the problem and choosing the right solution.
4. Management functions are … .
a) planning, organizing, controlling, staffing.
b) recognizing the problem and choosing the right solution.
Тема 4.2 Эффективность и риски бизнеса
ECONOMIC SECURITY
Exercise 1. Work in groups. Compare your answers with others in your group.
-What do you know about economic security?
-What is the main aim of economic security?
Reading.
Exercise 1.
equal unjust
равный
at first sight
несправедливый
to bу reasonable piece-work
с первого взгляда
to take into account to receive anargument
быть разумным
to suppor
сдельная работа
justice
принимать во внимание
allowances
получать
equal unjust
довод
at first sight
поддерживать справедливость
to bу reasonable piece-work
нормы
to take into account to receive anargument
равный
Read the text “What is Economic Security” and translate it.
WHAT IS ECONOMIC SECURITY?
Economic security is a state entity, characterized by the presence of a
stable income and other resources that can support the standard of living for
today and for the foreseeable future. It includes:
1) maintaining solvency;
2) planning for the future cash flows of the entity;
3) security of employment.
There are seven components of work-related security.
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Basic security means limiting the impact of uncertainties and risks
people face daily while providing a social environment in which people
can belong to a range of communities, have a fair opportunity to pursue a
chosen occupation.
Income security denotes adequate actual, perceived and expected
income, either earned or in the form of social security and other benefits. It
encompasses the level of income, assurance of receipt, expectation of
current and future income, both during working life and in old age or
disability retirement.
Representation security refers to both individual representation and
collective representation. Individual representation is about individual
rights enshrined in laws as well as the individuals' access to institutions.
Collective representation means the right of any individual or group to be
represented by trade unions that can bargain on their behalf and which
independent and competent to do so.
Labour market security has a structural component, in that it
represents the types and quantity of opportunities. Policies aimed at
enhancing this form of security have included full-employment oriented
macro-economic policies, the creation of employment agencies, and other
placing services.
Employment security is protection against loss of income-earning
work. For wage and salary workers, employment security exists in
organizations and countries, in which there is strong protection against
unfair or arbitrary dismissal and where workers can redress unfair
dismissal. For the self-employed, it means protection against sudden loss
of independent work, and/or business failure.
Job security includes employment security and job security.
Employment security refers to the opportunity of a worker to continue
working in an enterprise, job security refers to the worker's ability to
pursue a line of work in conjunction with his or her interests, training and
skills.
Work security denotes working conditions in organizations that are
safe and promote workers' well - being.
Work security goes beyond this, though, in addressing the modern
scourges of stress, overwork, absenteeism, and harassment. Protection
devices for work security include provisions and insurance against
accidents and illness at work, and limits on working time.
Skill reproduction security denotes workers' access to basic
education as well as vocational training to develop capacities and acquire
the qualifications needed for socially and economically valuable
occupations.
103
Exercise 2. Read the text 1 “What is Economic Security?” and answer
the questions.
1. What comes to mind when you hear the word "security"?
2. Do people nowadays have all the security they need?
3. What would life be like with better security?
4. What do you do to improve your Internet security?
5. Franklin Delano Roosevelt said: "True individual freedom cannot
exist without economic security and independence." Do you agree?
6. How important is financial security to you?
Exercise 3. Say whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Economic security is a state entity, characterized by the presence
of a stable income and other resources that can support the standard of
living for today and for the foreseeable future.
2. Income security denotes adequate actual, perceived and expected
income, either earned or in the form of social security and other benefits
3. Representation security refers only to individual representation
4. Labour market security arises when there are no opportunities for
adequate income-earning activities.
5. For wage and salary workers, employment security exists only in
courts and countries, in which there is strong protection against unfair or
arbitrary dismissal and where workers can redress unfair dismissal.
6. Ways to further skill reproduction security include policies to
generate widespread opportunities to gain and retain skills through
education, apprenticeships, and employment training.
Exercise 4. Find in the text Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions.
Work-related security, to maintain solvency, cash flow, to provide a
social
environment, to pursue a chosen occupation, to encompass the level of
income, wage indexation, progressive taxation, collective representation,
individual representation,
to bargain on behalf of, income-earning activity,
full-employment oriented macroeconomic policy, self-employed, to gain
and retain skills
Exercise 5. Find in the text the opposites for.
Stable income, foreseeable future, employment, fair opportunity,
adequate
income, comprehensive security, collective, independent, ample,
unfair, self- employed.
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Exercise 6. Match the words with the definitions.
Income
Method in which trainees learn a craft or trade by
hands-on experience while working with a skilled worker,
usually under a written or implied indentureship agreement.
Standard
of
living
Voluntary non-attendance at work, without a valid reason,
habitual evasion of work, or willful absence as in a strike
action. It does not include involuntary or occasional absence
due to valid causes, or reasons beyond one's control, such as
accidents or sickness.
Disability
A cost of living increase available under social security.
Wage indexing
The act of giving someone a job; an employer taking on a
new employee.
Bargaining
power
To remove an employee from their job, typically for reasons
such as poor work quality or disagreeable behavior.
Trade union
In negotiating, capacity of one party to dominate the other
due to its influence, power, size, or status, or through a
combination of different persuasion tactics.
Fullemployment
Medically determinable impairment of body or mind that
restricts, or causes loss of, a person's functional ability to carry
on his or her normal activities.
Fire
State of economy in which all eligible people who want to
work can find employment at prevailing wage rates
Hire
An organization whose membership consists of workers and
union leaders, united to protect and promote their common
interests.
Absenteeism
Financial health of a population, as measured by per capita
income and consumption of goods and services
by individuals or households.
Apprenticeship
Money or other forms of payment (received
periodically or regularly) from
commerce, employment, endowment, investment, etc.
Grammar
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions if necessary.
1) Economic security is defined ... access ... basic needs
infrastructure pertaining ... health, education, dwelling, information, and
social protection, as well as work-related security.
2) While all seven dimensions are important, two are essential ...
basic security: income security and voice representation security.
3) Representation security refers ... both individual representation
and collective representation.
4) Policies aimed ... enhancing this form of security have included
full- employment oriented macro-economic policies, the creation ...
employment agencies, and other placing services.
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5) Whereas employment security refers ... the opportunity ... a
worker continue working in an enterprise, job security refers ... the
worker's ability... pursue a line ... work in conjunction ... his or her
interests, training and skills.
6) Protection mechanisms have consisted ... barriers ... skill
dilution such as craft boundaries, job qualifications, restrictive practices,
craft unions, etc.
Speaking
Exercise 1. Single out the main facts given in the text and present them in ashort review.
Additional reading
1. FOREIGN EXHANGE
Exercise 1. Read the text and translate it.
A change in demand takes place when one of the factors assumed
constant changes.
An increase in income results in a rise of the quantity demanded,
provided the goods are normal.
A change in the price of one good has an income effect and a
substitution effect. The income effect of a price increase is to reduce the
quantity demanded of all normal goods. For inferior goods, the income
effect works in the opposite direction.
The substitution effect leads consumers to buy less of the goods
whose price has increased. The substitution effect of a price rise will also
reduce the demand for the goods that are complementary to the goods
whose price has risen.
In practice, there are three types of relationships between goods: the
goods may be substitutes, complements, or independent. The definition of
the three types of relationships is based on the substitution effect of the
price change of a good.
The substitution effect is positive for substitute goods, the price of
the good (J) and the quantity of the good move in the same direction. If the
price of j increases, consumers tend to substitute for j. If the price of j
decreases, then consumers tend to substitute the relatively cheaper j for i.
In both cases, there is a positive relationship between the price of and the
quantity of . An example is butter and margarine. The substitution effect is
negative for complementary goods such as buns and hot dogs. In this case,
the price of hot dogs and the quantity of buns move in opposite directions.
An increase in the price of (hot dogs) means that the quantity demanded of
106
decreases and the quantity of the complementary good (buns) also
decreases.
The same happens when the price of decreases. In both cases there is
a negative relationship between the price of and the quantity. Notice that if
the goods change places in the equation, it may result in a different
coefficient. Let us consider the consumption of sugar and coffee. A change
in the price of coffee may have some influence on the use of sugar, but a
change in the price of sugar probably will have very little influence on the
use of coffee.
The substitution effect is zero for independent goods. Independence
means that no substitution or complementary relationship exists between
the two goods.
Exercise 2. Find answers to these questions in the text “Computers”.
- Do all complementary goods affect each other's use to the same extent?
- What examples of complementary goods are given in the text?
- What goods are called independent?
- How many types of relationship between goods can you name?
- How does the substitution effect work with complementary goods?
- How does the substitution effect work with substitute goods?
Exercise 3. Retell the text
2. INVESTING
Investing money means saving money so that the value of the money
invested will increase and the money will produce income or profit.
Savings accounts and time deposits (withdrawals are possible only after
a specified period of time) are well-known ways of investing money. Another
way of investing is to buy securities. Stocks and bonds are two kinds of
securities that people invest in. A stock, in other terms, means a share in
some business; so people who buy stocks, actually become owners of part of
the business – shareholders.
There are two kinds of stocks: common and preferred, and a basic
difference between them is that a preferred stock is a safer investment, but it
is more expensive than the lower-priced (cheaper) common stock.
Why do people invest in stocks? One reason is that stock in a
successful company can pay dividends (a share of the profit) that are higher
than the interest on a savings account. If the company is successful, the value
of the share can also increase and the owner of the share can sell it for a high
price, and thereby make a profit, which is called a capital gain. Of course, the
stock market can be risky because some businesses may not do well, and the
investor may lose money. In a way, investing in stocks can be like gambling,
107
and for that reason many people rely on a broker to advise them and manage
their investments by buying and selling securities for them.
Probably the most famous stock exchange is Wall Street in New York
City where millions of shares are traded every day. People with investments
follow the stock market reports closely to watch how their stocks are going.
When the general trend of the market is up, the market is described as
“bullish”, and when it is down, it is “bearish”.
Another form of in investment is bonds. A bond is issued by a
government or a company to raise money. A bond is essentially a loan, and a
bondholder does not become an owner of the company, like a shareholder.
Although the yield on bonds is generally lower than that on good stocks,
bonds are usually considered safer.
There are many other ways to invest money. Land and buildings (real
estate) can be a good investment. Collectibles, such as rare and valuable
coins and stamps or works of art are sometimes good investments. In the
United States one unusual kind of collectible is the baseball card – small
pictures of baseball players that children buy. A 1952 card of the famous
baseball player Mickey Mantle is worth $ 4,810. Purchased for about one
cent ($ 0.01), that is an increase of 481.000 per cent – a pretty good yield.
Exercise 1. Make up the plan of the text.
Exercise 2. Retell the text according to your plan.
Writing
Exercise 1. Write three or more questions on the text in the module to
ask in the class.
Тема 4.3 Моя будущая профессия
Vocabulary
Translate and learn the English equivalents: разрешите представить, я
бы хотел, мне потребуется 20 минут, во-первых, во-вторых, в
заключении, подводя итог, выступающий, обсуждение, изложить
точку зрения, разделять мнении, бизнес-план, преимущества,
недостатки, предложение, контракт, переговоры, анкета, офис,
устройство на работу, сотрудник, учреждение.
Exercises
1. Read and learn new words and expressions
Recognize – узнать;
be out of job – быть без работы;
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search for a job – искать работу;
look for a job – искать работу;
be familiar with – быть знакомым с;
miss – пропустить;
personnel department – отдел кадров;
fill in a company application form – заполнить анкету
(о приеме на работу);
have an opening – есть вакансия;
there is an opening – есть вакансия;
remember me to your mother – передай привет своей маме;
speak fluently – бегло говорить.
to try a chance – воспользоваться шансом;
he has just gone out – он только что вышел;
ring back later – перезвонить попозже;
what time could I reach him? – в каком часу (когда) я могу его застать?
put through – соединить по телефону;
in detail – подробно.
2. Read and translate the dialogue:
Applying for a Job
When people graduate from a higher school they meet a problem
how to find a good job. First of all graduates should ask themselves some
questions:
1. What is their educational background?
2. What do they expect from their job?
3. Can they cope with the work?
4. Are they hard-working, talented and committed persons?
5. What does success mean for them?
6. Can they work in a team?
7. What kind of skills do they need?
Having answered these questions a job-seeker can attend a
recruitment agency or read advertisements in employment publications.
There is always an open competition for positions. First, a post is
announced, the best resumes are selected, then there are language tests and
at last an interview.
When attending an interview, try to feel confident but at the same
time, do not overact. Show that you are interested in the organization and
in the work you are applying for. Do not be afraid of asking questions.
What skills do specialists need? First of all, they need interpersonal
skills. Anyone can learn how to work with a computer, but it is not easy to
learn how to work with people.
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Any company measures specialists’ success. The measure of success
is profitability and customer satisfaction. For many companies success
means improved customer services because company value is increased by
achieving better results, offering more services, attracting talented people.
Most companies don’t want to keep people who don’t have the right talent,
because it is difficult to know whether a person will be committed to the
work just from a resume or CV.
Sometimes people jump from job to job and have wonderful CVs and it
appears that the person was pushed out everywhere.
When a person doesn’t cope with the tasks the company usually tries
to train or to replace the person. But many people prefer to work in a team
because when a problem appears one can always ask for help and advice.
Together, people can solve any problems better than working alone.
2.1 Write a CV
1. Имя, фамилия, адрес, телефон, факс, электронная почта.
2. Возраст.
3. Семейное положение.
4. Образование.
5. Трудовой стаж с указанием места и времени работы.
6. Знание иностранных языков.
7. Компьютерные навыки.
Pattern
1. Name/Surname Mr. John Simpson The Highlander, 234
W. Gilman st. Madison WI 73504, USA
E-mail: john@sip.ru
2. Age 17 June, 1978
3. Marital status Single
4. Education London University, England 1996–2000
Work experience American Computer Corp., Sales manager,
2000–2003.
6. Languages English (native), French (fluent)
7. Computer skills WORD, LINEX.
Задания коммуникативной направленности
Практико-ориентированная задача.
Вам предстоит пройти собеседование при устройстве на работу.
Представьтесь и расскажите о своих сильных сторонах характера и чем
вы можете выгодно отличаться от других соискателях.
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Additional reading
1. Read and translate the text.
1. ACCOUNTANCY
Accountancy (British English) or accounting (American English) is the
measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about information that
helps managers and other decision makers make resource allocation
decisions. Financial accounting is one branch of accounting and historically
has involved processes by which financial information about a business is
recorded, classified, summarized, interpreted, and communicated. Auditing, a
related but separate discipline, is the process whereby an independent auditor
examines an organization's financial statements in order to express an opinion
(with reasonable but not absolute assurance) as to the fairness and adherence
to generally accepted accounting principles, in all material respects.
Practitioners of accountancy are known as accountants. Officially
licensed accountants are recognized by titles such as Chartered Accountant
(UK) or Certified Public Accountant (US).
Accountancy attempts to create accurate financial reports that are
useful to managers, regulators, and other stakeholders such as shareholders,
creditors, or owners. The day-to-day record-keeping involved in this process
is known as book-keeping.
At the heart of modern financial accounting is the double-entry bookkeeping system. This system involves making at least two entries for every
transaction: a debit in one account, and a corresponding credit in another
account. The sum of all debits should always equal the sum of all credits.
This provides an easy way to check for errors. This system was first used in
medieval Europe, although some believe that the system dates back to
Ancient Greece.
According to critics of standard accounting practices, it has changed
little since. Accounting reform measures of some kind have been taken in
each generation to attempt to keep book-keeping relevant to capital assets or
production capacity. However, these have not changed the basic principles,
which are supposed to be independent of economics as such.
Vocabulary
Слово
Перевод
accountancy (UK)
бухгалтерское дело, счетоводство
measurement
измерение
disclosure
раскрытие; выдача (сведений); сообщение, разглашение
assurance
уверение, гарантия, заверение, уверенность
financial accounting
финансовый учет
auditing
1) проверка отчетности; 2) ревизия баланса и
отчетности; 3) аудит
financial statement(s)
финансовый отчет
adherence
соблюдение, строгое следование правилам
practitioner
практикующий специалист
record-keeping
учет, ведение учета [бухгалтерских книг]