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Файл:Сибирская язва микробиологические аспекты. Учебное пособие.pdf
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nationalized the Bank, dreaded any kind of outright clash with Threadneedle
Street, and the mystique of the City remains а powerful influence on
Westminster. The British government is not alone in not wanting to interfere
with the central Bank. The American Federal Reserve and the German
Bundesbank can both openly contradict their government, but Britain prefers
to keep the relationship obscure and concealed.
Exercise 1. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions
from the text and use them in the sentences of your own.
To provide the reserve of money, to regulate Britain’s overseas
investments, exchange control, sterling country, to hold balances, the Bank
Rate, Court, stock exchange waiter, monetary policy, Threadneedle Street,
Westminster, American Federal Reserve.
Exercise 2. Find the verbs that are used in the text with the following
nouns.
Bank, responsibility, profit, financial policy, services, banknotes,
investments, the National Debt, loans, bank rate.
Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with articles if necessary.
1) ... first and most important function of ... central bank is to accept
responsibility for advising ... government on the making of the country's
financial policy, and then to see that it is carried out.
2) ... Bank of England has other duties.
3) It is ... banker to ... other banks.
4) And it has to act as ... custodian of ... Sterling Area.
5) ... Bank's largest service to ... Government is to manage ... National Debt.
6) From 1932 till 1951, which marked ... era of "cheap money", Bank Rate
was nearly always two percent.
7) ... Treasury regards ... Bank, more than any other parts of its empire, as
foreign tribe who must not be interfered with, and here ... doctrine of indirect
rule is very evident.
8) ... American Federal Reserve and ... German Bundesbank can both openly
contradict their government, but ... Britain prefers to keep the relationship
obscure and concealed.
Speaking
Exercise 1. Find answers to these questions in the text “The Bank of England”.
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1. What are the most important financial institutions?
2. What are functions of a central bank?
3. What is the aim of commercial banks?
4. What are banks’ basic roles?
5. What are other duties of the Bank of England?
6. What is the Bank’s largest service to the Covernment?
7. When was established the Bank of England?
8. Describe the historical events that brought the Bank into being.
9. How can the Bank influence the supply of money?
10. Why is the third way in which the Bank can influence the supply
of money, the Bank Rate, so important?
11. Who is responsible for Britain’s monetary policy?
12. How does the Treasury regard the Bank?
13. What is the relationship of the Bank of England with the Labour
party and the British government?
14. What is the relationship of the American Federal Reserve and of
the German Bundesbank with their government?
Exercise 2. Make up the plan of the text “The Bank of England”.
Exercise 3. Retell the text according to your plan.
Writing
Exercise 1. Write the essay on the topic “The Bank of Russia”.
3. FINANCES Vocabulary
Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and
expressions: финансы, обеспечение, денежные отношения, оборот денег
(капитала), экономический
субъект, сеть учреждений, семейное
хозяйство, вкладчик, заёмщик, сберегательное учреждение,
пенсионный фонд, финансовые потоки, государственные доходы,
расчет общего дефицита, сбop налогов, внебюджетные и резервные
фонды,
доставить и представить бюджет.
Exercise 1. Work in groups. Compare your answers with others in your group.
-What do you know about finances?
-Is there a difference between the terms finances and financial system?
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Reading
Exercise 1. Read the text “Finance and Financial system” and translate it.
FINANCE AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM
Finance is the provision of money at the time when it is needed. It is
a system of monetary relations leading to formation, distribution and use of
money in the process of its turnover between economic entities.
The financial system is the network of institutions through which
firms, households and units of government get the funds they need and put
surplus funds to work.
Savers and borrowers are connected by financial intermediaries
including banks, thrift institutions, insurance companies, pension funds,
mutual funds, and finance companies.
Finance in an economic system comprises two parts: public finance
and finance of economic entities.
Public finance is the provision of money (by the community through
taxes) to be spent by national and local government authorities on projects
of national and local benefit. It is a collective term for the financial flows
and also the financial institutions of the public sector.
Public finance has the following four functions:
1) the provision of essential services;
2) the encouragement or control of particular sectors of the economy;
3) the implementation of social policy in respect of social services;
4) the encouragement of the growth of economy as a whole.
The major instrument of any financial system is the budget. In а
market- oriented economy, the budget is the most important tool for
achieving national priorities and goals through the allocation and
distribution of resources, and the maintenance of а stable macroeconomic
environment.
The budget is an estimate of national revenue and expenditure for the
ensuing fiscal year. When expenditure exceeds the revenue the budget has
а deficit.
Revenue and expenditure forecasting is the most fundamental step in
the process of budget preparation. Adequate planning of recurrent and
capital expenditure depends critically on an accurate forecast of revenue
availability. The determination of the expected overall deficit in the public
sector and therefore the macroeconomic impact of fiscal policy requires
accurate forecast of tax collection and expenditures.
In Russia, public finance is а sum of budgets of all levels of subjects
of the Federation, extra budgetary and reserve funds.
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Аn accurate revenue forecast is most critical at the federal level of
government but it is also important for all subnational governments because
over the last several years they have worked with increasingly autonomous
budgets.
Budget preparation at the federal level involves а number of
institutions. The Ministry of Finance is the central coordinating institution
in charge of compiling and presenting the budget. It has major inputs from
ministries in various sectors of the economy and the state tax bodies.
Grammar
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with prepositions if necessary.
1) The financial system is the network ... institutions ... which
firms, households and units ... government get the funds.
2) Public finance is a collective term ... the financial flows and also
the financial institutions ... the public sector.
3) The budget is an estimate ... national revenue and expenditure
... the ensuing fiscal year.
4) Adequate planning ... recurrent and capital expenditure depends critically
an accurate forecast ... revenue availability.
5) An accurate revenue forecast is most critical ... the federal level
government but it is also important ... all subnational governments because ...
the last several years they have worked ... increasingly autonomous budgets.
Speaking
Exercise 1. Find answers to these questions in the text “Finance and
Financial system”.
1) What is finance and financial system?
2) What parts does finance comprise?
3) What does the term public finance mean?
4) What functions does public finance perform?
5) What is budget in a market-oriented economy?
6) When does budget have a deficit?
7) What does the process of budget preparation include?
8) What is public finance in Russia?
9) What do you know about an accurate revenue forecast?
10) Which institutions does budget preparation at the federal level
involve?
Exercise 2. Make up the plan of the text “Finance and Financial system”.
Exercise 3. Retell the text according to your plan.
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Writing
Exercise 1. Write the essay on a financial system in Russia.
4. MONEY
Vocabulary
Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and
expressions:
товары, услуги, покупки, монеты, банкноты, средство
денежного обращения, банковский чек, на текущем банковском
счете, бартер, наличные деньги, ликвидность, конвертировать,
вклад до востребования, срочный вклад, инвестиционный фонд
денежного pынка.
Exercise 1. Work in groups. Compare your answers with others in your group.
-Money and financial system. What is the connection between
these two terms?
-What do you know about money? Is it only a mean of payment?
Reading
Exercise 1. Read the text “Money” and translate it.
MONEY
Money is anything is commonly accepted as a mean of paying for the
goods and services individuals need and want. Money enables us to
function in society and to have the thing we need to survive - things such
as housing, food, clothing, transportation, heat and water.
Money has not always been the coins and paper bills known to us.
Throughout history various things of value have been used as money. For
example, in many parts of the ancient world, salt was used as money
because it was rare and necessary to life. Among many early cultures, furs
or pelts were used as money. Eventually valuable metals became the most
common type of money; in fact, gold coins were used as money in the
United States as recently as 1933.
Currency, which is dollar bills and coins, fits most of the definition
of money. However, checks are accepted payment for purchases, and
checking account deposits are considered money and not currency. To
define money as currency would be considered too narrow for most
economists.
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Functions of money
Money has three basic functions. It serves as a medium of exchange,
as a measure of relative value, and as a store of value.
As a medium of exchange, money enables two individuals to
exchange without having to barter; that is the carpenter doesn't have to
build a step for the grocer every
time he wants а carton of milk. The carpenter can build steps or anything
else for anybody, receive money for his services, and use the money to
purchase milk from the grocer. The grocer can in turn use the money
received from the carpenter and others to purchase а suit from the tailor.
As а measure of relative value, money allows two dissimilar items to
be purchased оп а similar bases. It is in terms of money that we think of
value. How many cartons of milk should the grocer pay for а suit? If asked
that question, you might ask, how much is а carton of milk worth? And
how much is the suit worth? You would want to define the exchange in
terms of the relative value of the two items and would use the value in
dollars (money) to determine how many cartons of milk it should take to
buy а suit. Money helps to think of different things in terms of а common
value base.
As а store of value, money makes it possible for us to hold onto the
value over time. If the grocer would have to hold the value of his milk in
milk, he could not hold it for long because it would spoil. If he sells the
milk and gets money for it, he can hold the money until he wishes to
purchase something.
The supply of money
То measure the money supply, we measure the amount of money in
the economy. However, what to measure is а problem. Should someone's
home be considered money? After all, it can be sold for cash.
То understand the money supply you have to first understand the
concept of liquidity.
Liquidity is simply а measure of how quickly аn item can be converted
to cash. Obviously the most liquid item is cash itself, since it does not need to
be converted. However, many other items approach cash in liquidity because
they function as cash in many transactions. These items include demand
deposits, against which checks can be written or from which funds can be
withdrawn; time deposits, from which funds can be withdrawn; and money
market funds, which can be immediately sold for cash.
Exercise 1. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions from the text and use them in the sentences of your own.
Things of value, medium of exchange, measure of relative value,
store of relative value, dissimilar items, similar bases, common value base,
supply of money.
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Exercise 2. Find the nouns that are used in the text with the following
verbs.
To use, to accept, to serve, to purchase, to measure, to convert.
Exercise 3. Make up your own sentences with your word combinations from Exercise 1-2.
Grammar
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with articles if necessary.
1) For example, in many parts of ... ancient world, salt was used as ...
money because it was rare.
2) Eventually valuable metals became ... most common type of money.
3) Money serves as ... medium of exchange, as ... measure of relative
value, and as ... store of value.
4) The carpenter can build steps or anything else for anybody, receive
money for his services, and use ... money to purchase milk from the grocer.
... grocer can in turn use ... money received from ... carpenter and others to
purchase ... suit from the tailor.
5) You might ask, how much is ... carton of milk worth?
6) However, what to measure is ... problem.
7) After all, it can be sold for ... cash.
8) Obviously ... most liquid item is ... cash itself.
Speaking
Exercise 1. Find answers to these questions in the text “Money”.
1. What does money enable us to do in society?
2. What was used as money throughout history?
3. What fits most of the definition of money?
4. What are three basic functions of money?
5. Is it possible to measure the money supply?
6. How do you understand the concept of liquidity?
Exercise 2. Match sayings and their explanations. Are there any
unnecessary
statements? Do you agree with them?
Money is power
It's not easy to get money.
Money opens all doors.
If you have money, it will serve you and
work
for you well. But if you owe money to
other people, that money will control you
in an unpleasant way.
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Money is the root of all evil.
We can't just walk around and pick it like
fruit
from the trees.
Money doesn’t grow on trees.
If you have money, you can use it to get
more
money through investment.
Money is a good servant, but a
bad master.
According to this saying, all immorality
and
wickedness is caused by money. This
saying is a misquotation, and the original
version ("the love of money is the root of
all evil") implies that all immorality and
wickedness is caused by people loving
money, not by money itself.
Money isn’t everything.
There are other important things in this
world,
not just money.
Money makes money.
We have to work hard to make money.
Exercise 3. Make a summary of the text “Money”.
Writing
Exercise 1. Write the essay on the topic “Money in my life”.
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РАЗДЕЛ 4. РАБОТА С ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНО-
ОРИЕНТИРОВАННЫМИ ТЕКСТАМИ
Тема 4.1 Менеджмент
Упражнение 2.
Прочтите слова и словосочетания. Постарай
тесь
запомнить их значение.
To manage – управлять;
management – управление;
management skills – навыки управления;
management techniques – методы управления;
sales manager – управляющий по продажам;
manager – управляющий (менеджер);
top management – управление высшего звена;
middle management – управление среднего звена;
operating management – исполнительная администрация;
to influence – влиять;
to make decisions – принимать решение;
favourable solution – благоприятное решение;
company’s affairs – дела компании;
to implement the approach – внедрить метод (подход);
innovation – нововведение;
supervisor – руководитель.
Упражнение 3. Прочтите слова и сопоставьте их с русскими
словами. Проверьте по словарю значение выделенных слов.
Personal, personnel, company, president, vice president, alternative,
analyze, problem, function, plan, organize, organization, leader, control,
communication, effective.
Упражнение 4.
Переведите слова на русский язык, обращая
внимание
на суффиксы и префиксы.
To manage – manager – management; to decide – decision; important –
importance – unimportant; to response – responsible – responsibility; success
– successful – successfully; alternate – alternative;evaluate –
evaluation;favour – favourable – favourite – unfavourable; to lead – leader –
leadership;to motivate – motivation;to communicate – communication.
1. Read and translate the text
MANAGEMENT
Management is the art of getting things done through other people. It
includes the personnel who have the right to make decisions that influence
company’s affairs.
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There are three management levels: top management, middle
management and operating management. Top management includes the
president, vice presidents, and the general manger. Middle management
includes department mangers and plant managers. Operating management
includes supervisors, foremen, etc.
The most important responsibility of any manager is decision making.
Successful management is a skill of choosing from alternatives.
Decision makings are divided into: recognizing the problem, defining
and analyzing the problem, evaluating alternative solutions, choosing the
most favourable solution and implementing the approuch chosen.
Management functions are planning, organizing, directing, controlling,
staffing and innovating. It should be noted that successful management is
based on three basic elements: leadership, motivation and communication.
To operate a successful business one should have management skills
because effective management is the key to business success.
Упражнение 5.
Переведите на русский язык в письменной форме
абзацы
2, 4, 5.
Упражнение 6. Переведите предложения на русский язык в
письменной форме. Обратите внимание на перевод слов с
окончанием –ing.
1. Decision making is the most important responsibility of any
manager.
2. Decision making is divided into: recognizing the problem,
defining and analyzing the problem, evaluating alternative
solutions, choosing the most favourable solutions and implementing
the approach chosen.
3. Management functions are: planning, organizing, directing,
controlling, staffing and innovating.
Упражнение 7.
Закончите предложения, выбрав соответ
ствующий
вариант окончания.
1. Top management includes … .
a) department managers.
b) supervisors.
c) general manager.
2. Middle management includes … .
a) department managers.
b) supervisors.
c) general manager.