Научно-технический перевод. Учебно-практическое пособие

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wastewater, Snyder et al. (2003) on the diffusion of membrane-cell technology in the chlorine manufacturing industry, and Popp (2009) on

2014). 2 The graph shows a striking correlation between innovation efforts, as measured by patent filings, and the stringency of policy. Analyses of this phenomenon include Lanjouw and Mody (1996), Jaffe and Palmer (1997), and Brunnermeier and Cohen (2003) who show a significant correlation within industries over time between innovative activity and environmental regulatory stringency (proxied by pollution control expenditures). Similarly, Johnstone et al. (2010) find that patenting activity for renewable energy technologies, measured by applications for renewable energy patents submitted to the European Patent Office (EPO), has increased dramatically in recent years, as both national policies and international efforts to combat climate change begin to provide incentives for innovation. Dechezleprtre and Glachant (2014) show that public policies that encourage the diffusion of renewable energy technologies, such as feed-in tariffs and renewable energy certificates, induce technological change, so that for every 100 MW of new wind power capacity installed in OECD countries, three new inventions are patented on average.

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Abstract: This article focuses on the question of how a shift from a narrow economic perspective to a wider sustainable wellbeing focus in regional development strategies and actions might change rural–urban relations. A brief review of relevant research and discourses about

economic development models provides the foundation for the analysis.

included in the analytical framework are then used to assess the current situation, challenges and perceived ways forward based on data and analyses from 11 European regions. The focus of the analysis is on

different expressions of a sustainable wellbeing economy, and aspects of territorial development that are consistent with the basic features of a wellbeing economy are identified. Development dynamic sand tensions between different development goals and resource uses, strategies and actions that are in favor of sustainable wellbeing goals, and conditions for more mutually beneficial rural–urban relationships are discussed. The article concludes with the implications for local government, and governance and policy frameworks. Reference is made to current high-level strategic policy frameworks and the European Green Deal. Keywords: sustainable wellbeing; rural–urban relations; land

management; local government; governance; policy; case studies; Europe.

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In 2012, the OECD contended in its Environmental Outlook to 2050 that business as usual is not an option anymore: “Humanity has witnessed unprecedented growth and prosperity in the past decades, with the size of the world economy more than tripling. This growth, however, has been accompanied by environmental pollution and natural resource depletion. The current growth model and the mismanagement of natural assets could ultimately undermine human development” [1]. In 2015, the 193 countries of the UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) that concretize the agenda aim to build an “inclusive, sustainable and resilient future for people and planet” [2]. These high-level goals align, in terms of programmatic aims, with the European Commission’s Europe 2020 strategy. The strategy explicitly demands an economy based on knowledge and innovation that is resource­efficient and greener, and that provides high employment and social cohesion [3]. The European Commission has recently introduced the European Green Deal. Pitched as “a new EU growth strategy”, the Green Deal promises to “enable European citizens and businesses to benefit from a sustainable green transition by [supporting] investments in green technologies, sustainable solutions and new businesses” [4].

Shift, narrow, perspective, sustainable, wellbeing, development, gov­ernance, implications.

– mismanagement of natural resources,

– humanity has witnessed,

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policy frameworks, concretize the agenda aim, mismanagement of natural assets, the strategy explicitly demands, resource-efficient, high employment and social cohesion, “a new EU growth strategy”.

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tics mostly takes place in the digital sphere (Literatetal., 2018). Online, young citizens can make use of their digital skills and realize their aims through communication practices familiar to them. Research demonstrates that online civic communication mediates political information processing (Leeatal., 2013), and functions as a stepping-stone towards offline partici­pation (Moelleretal., 2014). One core mechanism in this process is the de­velopment of internal political efficacy (e.g., Maurissen, 2018), or the per­ception of being competent “to understand and to participate effectively in politics” (Craig, Niemi, & Silver, 1990, p. 290). By engaging with politics in the digital realm, adolescents gain confidence in their civic skills, which later translates into more political participation (Moeller et al., 2014). In this process, communication with politicians on social media may play a decisive role to bridge the gap between the seemingly abstract political world and the reality of adolescent life. Through engagement with politi­cians and politics online, adolescents can also foster perceptions of exter­nal efficacy or feeling heard. In an extensive review of the Civic Web re­search project that studied political participation of young citizens, Banaji­and Buckingham (2010) find that politicians’ meaningful engagement with adolescents in the context of peer-to-peer communication raises both ado­lescents’ confidence in the responsiveness of the political system and their motivation to express their citizenship. The authors conclude that many characteristics of online communication, such as interactivity and open­ness, can empower young citizens to participate. This perspective regards young people as active agents in their own political socialization (Bennett,

2008). Social media facilitate this active role by allowing active curation and passive, algorithmic selections: Political information is not something that happens only in the news, but can be shared, forwarded, commented on, or remixed (Coleman, 2008).

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– civic attitudes and behaviors,

– a stepping-stone,

– internal political efficacy,

– a lasting impact,

– Through engagement with politicians,

политических лидеров

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Политические лидеры федерального уровня используют раз­личные интернет-площадки для взаимодействия с общественностью. С другой стороны, политики регионального уровня выбирают для своего присутствия в Интернете 1 – 2 сервиса. Тем не менее форми-

можно оценить механизмы влияния социальных медиа в рамках со­временных политических процессов. Мэр Москвы Сергей Собянин – политик федерального уровня, так как является главой города феде­рального значения. Данный политический деятель имеет личные страницы в следующих социальных сетях, а именно:

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Коммунальные службы будут работать в усиленном режиме» [Офи­циальный…]. С другой стороны, аккаунт мэра столицы в «Фейсбуке» является информационным источником относительно обновления официального сайта мэра Москвы (mos.ru). Здесь записи появляются реже, чем в рассмотренных выше социальных сетях.

– добросовестных специалистов

– механизмы влияния социальных медиа

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Текст 16. Hand-Gesture Recognition Based on EMG and Event­Based Camera Sensor Fusion: A Benchmark in Neuromorphic Computing

Zurich, Switzerland

affect the classification latency which can be crucial in real-case scenarios, such as prosthetic control. Neuromorphic technologies can be

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deployed to overcome these limitations since they allow real-time processing in parallel at low power consumption. In this paper, we present a fully neuromorphic sensor fusion approach for hand-gesture recognition comprised of an event-based vision sensor and three different neuromorphic processors. In particular, we used the event-based camera, called DVS, and two neuromorphic platforms, Loihi and ODIN + MorphIC. The EMG signals were recorded using traditional electrodes and then converted into spikes to be fed into the chips. We collected a dataset of five gestures from sign language where visual and electromyography signals are synchronized. We compared a fully neuromorphic approach

constraints, we designed specific spiking neural networks (SNNs) for sensor fusion that showed classification accuracy comparable to the software baseline. These neuromorphic alternatives have increased inference time, between 20 and 40 %, with respect to the GPU system but have a significantly smaller energy-delay product (EDP) which makes them between 30× and 600× more efficient. The proposed work represents a new benchmark that moves neuromorphic computing toward a real-world scenario.